Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Koleksiyonu
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Conference Object Türkiye’nin Bir Kamu Diplomasisi Aracı Olarak Dijital Diplomasi Uygulamaları: Fırsatlar ve Zorluklar(Siyasi İlimler Türk Derneği, 2024) Cansu, GüleçKüreselleşen dünyanın karmaşık ve birbirine bağlı yapısı içinde diplomasi ve dış politikanın da çok daha fazla konuyu, aktörü ve sorunu kapsadığı görülmektedir. 21. yüzyılla beraber dijital diplomasi, kamu diplomasisinin önemli bir parçası haline gelmiştir. İnternet teknolojilerinin kamu diplomasisi amacıyla kullanılması, politika yapıcıların da dikkatini giderek daha fazla çekmektedir. Dijital teknolojilerinin gelişmesi network oluşturma, iş birliği yapma, iletişim kurma ve benzer ihtiyaç ve arzulara sahip neredeyse sınırsız sayıda insanla bağlantı kurma konusunda çeşitli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Dijital Diplomasi, bir ülkenin dış politika hedeflerine ulaşmak ve kamu diplomasisini uygulamak için Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin ve sosyal medya platformlarının giderek daha fazla kullanılmasını içermektedir. Artık bir elçilik ve Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Twitter hesabı aracılığıyla takipçileriyle çift yönlü iletişim kurabilmekte, diplomatlar ve siyasetçiler yalnızca televizyon aracılığıyla izleyicilere konuşmak yerine yabancı halkların sosyal medya profillerindeki gönderilere yanıt vererek sohbet edebilmektedir. Artan çift yönlü iletişim, yabancı halklarla etkileşim için daha fazla fırsat sunmakta; bu türden bir katılım kitleler arasındaki ilişkilerin güçlenmesini de kolaylaştırabilmektedir. Özellikle COVID-19 salgınının ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte başta devletler olmak üzere tüm uluslararası aktörler, dijital teknolojilerin diplomasinin bir unsuru olarak kullanımın öneminin giderek daha fazla farkına varmaya başlamıştır. Dijital diplomasi artık Uluslararası İlişkilerin yönetiminin bir parçası olsa da ortaya çıkan bilgi savaşı medya sistemlerinin sömürülmesi veya bir silah haline getirilmesini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Dijital diplomasinin sunduğu fırsat ve kolaylıklar propaganda, dezenformasyon, sahte bilgi ve haberler gibi yöntemlerle test edilmektedir. Dijital teknolojilerin bu tekniklerle toplumlara giderek daha fazla yol açtığı tehditlerin doğasının ve kapsamının daha iyi anlaşılması da bir gereklilik haline gelmektedir. Tüm bu hususlar dahilinde, bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin dijital diplomasi faaliyetlerini bir yumuşak güç ve kamu diplomasisi unsuru olarak nasıl kullandığını analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda dijital diplomasi kavramı açıklandıktan sonra Türkiye’nin dijital diplomasi faaliyetleri ilgili örneklerle analiz edilecektir. Daha sonra, COVID-19’un Ankara’nın dijital diplomasi stratejisi üzerindeki etkisi ve özellikle dezenformasyona karşı mücadele politikaları, zorluklar ve sınırlamalarla birlikte tartışılacaktır.Article Nükleer Çok Kutuplu Dünyadaki Nükleer Güvenlik İkilemi Sıfır Açlığa Karşı(2024) Alkanalka, MehmetThe Russia–Ukraine war has increased the risk not only of nuclear weapons use but also of the food crisis. A world free of nuclear weapons has once again emerged among the strategic priorities of international relations and states. We live in an age where the sources of threats are not limited to war and the threat of using nuclear weapons but also include the global climate crisis, starvation, and migration, which affect a significant part of humanity and also challenge security. Currently, a significant proportion of the global population suffers from hunger, intensified further by the coronavirus disease and economic crisis. In this article, I intend to dispense with nuclear weapons—one of the biggest threats to world stability, costing billions of dollars that fall within the scope of sunk costs—to contribute to ending hunger—one of the biggest threats to humanity— in the light of “Let humanity live so that the state can live” philosophy, and to fight the global climate crisis. This study suggests a creative perspective and addresses the problems holistically by providing a peace research analysis on the nexus of peace, security, and solidarity.Conference Object Covid-19 Pandemisinin Nato’nun Kamu Diplomasisi Üzerindeki Etkisi(Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, 2022) Güleç, CansuDünyanın ilk kez, Çin’in 31 Aralık 2019’da Vuhan kentinde kaynağı bilinmeyen bir solunum yolu rahatsızlığının ortaya çıktığını Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne bildirmesiyle haberdar olduğu COVID-19 salgını milyonlarca insanın hayatını kaybetmesine neden olmuş, uluslararası ekonomiyi sarsmış ve toplumsal hayatın tüm yönlerini yıkıcı bir etkiyle değişime uğratmıştır. COVID-19 salgının tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alıp küresel bir krize dönüşmesi karşısında, başta devletler olmak üzere yerel ve uluslararası tüm aktörler krizi yönetme kapasiteleri bakımından yetersiz kalmıştır. Ulusal ve uluslararası tüm aktörler arasında çeşitli düzeylerde dayanışma ve işbirliğine ihtiyaç duyulduğu bu insani kriz sürecinde, NATO müttefikleri bir yandan kendi sınırları içinde bu hastalıkla mücadele ederken, NATO da bu dönemde kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerini arttırmaya yönelik girişimlerde bulunmuştur. 2020’nin ilk aylarında COVID-19 virüsünün neden olduğu bu küresel salgın, dünya çapında etkili olan krizler sırasında kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerinin rolünü ve etkinliğini incelemek için önemli bir örneği temsil etmektedir. Özellikle uluslararası askeri bir ittifak olan NATO’nun halk sağlığı tehditlerine karşı oluşturduğu stratejilerin kamu diplomasisi açısından yeterliliğini anlamak bu çalışmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır.NATO’nun COVID-19 pandemi sürecindeki kamu diplomasisi uygulamalarının analiz edildiği bu çalışmada, ittifakın pandemi sürecindeki kamu diplomasi faaliyetlerinin irdelenerek nasıl işlerlik kazandığının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede öncelikle kamu diplomasisi kavramı tanımlandıktan sonra, NATO’nun COVID-19 salgını karşısında izlediği politikalarla beraber, COVID-19 sürecinin NATO’nun kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerine olan etkisi ve bu faaliyetlerin yeterliliği ve sınırlılığı ortaya konulacaktır.Conference Object A Post-Structuralist Approach To Security: an Analysis of Nato 2022 Strategic Concept(Hitit Üniversitesi, 2022) Güleç, CansuOne of the theoretical formations of post-positivist thought in International Relations is post-structuralism which became part of the literature in the 1980s. Post-structuralism claims a different position from the traditional realist and idealist perspectives in the field of security studies by offering the connection between national identity and security politics and the discursive character of the concept of security. Accordingly, the practices of security construct the national “self” by indicating the difference between itself and the “other”. In that sense, policy discourses are considered inherently social since the policy-making elite address the wider public sphere to institutionalize their understanding of the identities and policy options. Therefore, in order to understand the foreign and security policies of the actors involved in International Relations, the examination of the speeches and statements of policy makers, politicians or bureaucrats, the documents written by the institutions involved in foreign policy making has been an increasingly used as a method. In this context, official speeches, statements, parliamentary debates, diplomatic correspondence, interviews, newspapers, photographs and videos can be used in discourse analysis studies. The aim of this paper is to understand and situate NATO’s discourse within the framework of its recent Strategic Concept of 2022. In this framework, after the elaboration of concept of discourse and discourse analysis, the construction and hierarchical positioning of different actors in the text will be analyzed by asking “how” questions. In that sense, Roxanne Lynn Doty’s concepts of “presupposition”, “predication” and “subject positioning” will be used as analytical categories to provide a textual framework. The representational practices through which meaning are generated is crucial in this study. Accordingly, the discursive identities produced by NATO will be examined in order to understand the attachments to various social objects and subjects in international environment.Article Jasper Johns' Flag: Beyond Realism and Abstraction(Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2020) Keki, BaşakJasper Johns is one of the most provocative American artists of the twentieth century who has shaped the perception of art and has influenced generations of artists. This paper examines one of his most important works, Flag (1955), regarding it as a work defying easy categorizations as either a realist or an abstract work. Without being identified as either kind, it nevertheless displays certain traits of both. As for its suggestion of realism, the work comes up as a response to its political, cultural and artistic context, challenging Cold War aesthetics; albeit in a mocking manner. Its ridicule is evident in its allusion to the concept of ideology via its ‘kitschy’ subject matter whilst its delicately painted surface exhibits brushstrokes reminiscent of abstract expressionism. Yet the work also confronts presumptions of abstract expressionists by drawing attention to their implicit conventionalism despite their claims for authenticity and uniqueness. It will be argued that by calling the notion of identity in question, the work suspends and surpasses neat categories and sparks even further controversy by hinting at postmodern art and evoking ready-mades simultaneously.Article Nato and Public Diplomacy: Opportunities and Constraints of 21st Century(SAM, 2021) Güleç, CansuThe main objective of this paper is to explain and interpret the evolution of NATO’s public diplomacy efforts in terms of the opportunities and limi- tations of today’s globalized environment. Public diplomacy refers to the efforts of states and non-state actors to better explain their values to the world. It concentrates particularly on “soft power” tools, such as science, art, culture, sports and media that enable interaction between societies. Because NATO is widely associated with security and defense issues, it is important to understand how it responds to the developments of today’s diplomatic trends with its own public diplomacy and communication ac- tivities. As technology continues to change and evolve, NATO’s commu- nication strategies have faced new types of networks and platforms. Now celebrating its 72nd anniversary, the Alliance seeks to embrace and imple- ment a contemporary communication policy with new mechanisms. Within this framework, this paper will provide a definition of the concept of public diplomacy, and explore the historical evolution of NATO’s public diploma- cy agenda. NATO’s coordination activities and values, practical means of communication and their expected impact will be discussed.Conference Object Water Diplomacy Frameworks in the Middle East and the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin(European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed), 2020) Kibaroğlu, AyşegülWater is a vital resource to many levels of human survival; it fluctuates in both space and time and has multiple and conflicting demands on its use. Water crossing international boundaries can cause tensions between nations situated in the same river basin (Wolf, 1998). While the tension is unlikely to lead to warfare, early coordination and cooperation between riparian states through water diplomacy mechanisms can help solve the issue. Certain regions have been identified as among the weakest in terms of transboundary surface and groundwater resources between two or more countries. The Middle East is regarded as one of the most challenged regions in this regard. In addition to the constraints of natural water resources, the region suffers from an abundance of issues that compound water security, including a rapidly growing population, uneven economic development, limited amounts of water supply that is irregularly distributed, negative impacts of climate change and variability, poor water management, and allocation practices both within and between states. Some 60% of the region’s water flows across international borders, complicating resource management (Kibaroglu, 2017). The geopolitical importance of the region, and the conflicts that have consequently resulted, aggravate the usual problems of using water in a variety of settings, such as the Euphrates-Tigris (ET) basin.Book The Future of Eu-Turkey Relations: a Dynamic Association Framework Amidst Conflictual Cooperation(Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2019) Saatçioğlu, Beken; Tekin, Funda; Ekim, Sinan; Tocci, NathalieThe FEUTURE final synthesis paper accomplishes two principal aims. First, it synthesizes FEUTURE’s research findings that study EU-Turkey relations in the six thematic areas of politics, identity, economy, security, energy and migration, focusing on how their respective drivers generate different degrees of conflict and cooperation in the relationship. Based on this synthesis, it argues that the scenario of “conflictual cooperation” – where cooperation is likely to endure despite the prevalence of conflictual dynamics mostly emanating from politics – is set to define EU-Turkey relations in the foreseeable future. Second, it develops an institutional design for the future relationship which, given the fact that Turkey’s EU accession process has now become dormant, accepts conflict as an endemic feature of the relations but tries to mitigate it by deepening cooperation. Upon assessing differentiated integration models the EU follows with member- and non-member countries, the paper concludes that, as a result of geopolitical proximity as well as deepened, multifarious interactions over several centuries, the EU– Turkey relationship has become too complex and dynamic to be captured by any single such model. It thus suggests a new institutional framework, termed a “dynamic association”, that would be complementary to Turkey’s albeit stalled accession process. While being centered around a rules-based component represented by an upgraded EU-Turkey Customs Union agreement as a starting point, the association also includes more transactional dimensions of cooperation such as migration, security and energy. The paper concludes that conceptualized as such, the dynamic association promises to foster not only cooperative but also convergent trends between the EU and Turkey into and beyond the 2023 timeframe.Conference Object "human Security" From Liberal Perspective: Is It a Comprehensive Model?(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019) Güleç, CansuClassical liberal ideas were built on the concepts of equality, rationality, freedom and property. In the 18th century, Locke from England, David Hume and Adam Smith in Scotland, Montesque and Voltaire from France and Kant from Germany were the leading liberal thinkers. As an international theory that explained international politics and foreign policy, Liberalism emerged after the First World War. Names like Woodrow Wilson, Hobson, David Mitrany, Karl W. Deutsch, Michael Doyle, Francis Fukuyama, Stanley Hoffmann, Robert O. Keohane are among the most important representatives of liberal thought in international relations. According to Liberalism, world peace might occur with the residence of political and economic liberal norms at both national and international levels; the increase of interdependence and interaction; the international cooperation that carried out under the leadership of intergovernmental organizations; and the protection of human rights and governance. In security studies, the concept of human security is one of the most important concepts of the post-Cold War era that has been scholarly disputed. Indeed, the ethnic and religious-based conflicts after the Cold War led to evolution of the concept “national security” and the increase of the concerns about individual security in international relations. Since then, there have been attempts to “deepen and widen” the concept of security from the level of states to individuals. In that sense, the concept of “human security” considers human being as the reference object of security as well as it places the threats against human beings on the agenda. On the other hand, the mentioned concept objects the monopoly of the state in ensuring security through featuring the actors like international organizations and civil society. Accordingly, the concept of security will be discussed within the scope of liberal theory in this paper. Following the historical evolution, the conceptualizations about human security will be put forward. In addition, the criticisms toward the concept of human security will be analyzed. Finally, the evaluations regarding implementation and execution of human security will be discussed.Presentation The Diplomacy of Water in the Middle East(Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI), 2019) Kibaroğlu, AyşegülMiddle East suffers from an abundance of issues that compound water security, including arapidly growing population, uneven economic development, limited amounts of watersupply, negative impacts of climate change and poor water management practices bothwithin and between states. The geopolitical importance of the region, and the conflicts thathave consequently resulted, aggravate the usual problems of using water in a variety ofsettings, such as the Euphrates-Tigris (ET) basin.Transboundary water politics in the ET basin is often marked with political confrontationsamong its major riparians, namely Turkey, Syria and Iraq. However, the basin also hostswater diplomacy governance structures. Thus, the talk will address power dynamics in thebasin with specific references to diplomatic negotiation processes. Bearing in mind thattransboundary water relations in the basin occurs in volatile political circumstances, the talkwill culminate with analyses on the current and emerging issues in the basin, elaborating onthe impact of the Syrian civil war.