Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Koleksiyonu
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11779/1939
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Conference Object Türkiye’nin Bir Kamu Diplomasisi Aracı Olarak Dijital Diplomasi Uygulamaları: Fırsatlar ve Zorluklar(Siyasi İlimler Türk Derneği, 2024) Cansu, GüleçKüreselleşen dünyanın karmaşık ve birbirine bağlı yapısı içinde diplomasi ve dış politikanın da çok daha fazla konuyu, aktörü ve sorunu kapsadığı görülmektedir. 21. yüzyılla beraber dijital diplomasi, kamu diplomasisinin önemli bir parçası haline gelmiştir. İnternet teknolojilerinin kamu diplomasisi amacıyla kullanılması, politika yapıcıların da dikkatini giderek daha fazla çekmektedir. Dijital teknolojilerinin gelişmesi network oluşturma, iş birliği yapma, iletişim kurma ve benzer ihtiyaç ve arzulara sahip neredeyse sınırsız sayıda insanla bağlantı kurma konusunda çeşitli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Dijital Diplomasi, bir ülkenin dış politika hedeflerine ulaşmak ve kamu diplomasisini uygulamak için Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin ve sosyal medya platformlarının giderek daha fazla kullanılmasını içermektedir. Artık bir elçilik ve Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Twitter hesabı aracılığıyla takipçileriyle çift yönlü iletişim kurabilmekte, diplomatlar ve siyasetçiler yalnızca televizyon aracılığıyla izleyicilere konuşmak yerine yabancı halkların sosyal medya profillerindeki gönderilere yanıt vererek sohbet edebilmektedir. Artan çift yönlü iletişim, yabancı halklarla etkileşim için daha fazla fırsat sunmakta; bu türden bir katılım kitleler arasındaki ilişkilerin güçlenmesini de kolaylaştırabilmektedir. Özellikle COVID-19 salgınının ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte başta devletler olmak üzere tüm uluslararası aktörler, dijital teknolojilerin diplomasinin bir unsuru olarak kullanımın öneminin giderek daha fazla farkına varmaya başlamıştır. Dijital diplomasi artık Uluslararası İlişkilerin yönetiminin bir parçası olsa da ortaya çıkan bilgi savaşı medya sistemlerinin sömürülmesi veya bir silah haline getirilmesini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Dijital diplomasinin sunduğu fırsat ve kolaylıklar propaganda, dezenformasyon, sahte bilgi ve haberler gibi yöntemlerle test edilmektedir. Dijital teknolojilerin bu tekniklerle toplumlara giderek daha fazla yol açtığı tehditlerin doğasının ve kapsamının daha iyi anlaşılması da bir gereklilik haline gelmektedir. Tüm bu hususlar dahilinde, bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin dijital diplomasi faaliyetlerini bir yumuşak güç ve kamu diplomasisi unsuru olarak nasıl kullandığını analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda dijital diplomasi kavramı açıklandıktan sonra Türkiye’nin dijital diplomasi faaliyetleri ilgili örneklerle analiz edilecektir. Daha sonra, COVID-19’un Ankara’nın dijital diplomasi stratejisi üzerindeki etkisi ve özellikle dezenformasyona karşı mücadele politikaları, zorluklar ve sınırlamalarla birlikte tartışılacaktır.Article Nükleer Çok Kutuplu Dünyadaki Nükleer Güvenlik İkilemi Sıfır Açlığa Karşı(2024) Alkanalka, MehmetThe Russia–Ukraine war has increased the risk not only of nuclear weapons use but also of the food crisis. A world free of nuclear weapons has once again emerged among the strategic priorities of international relations and states. We live in an age where the sources of threats are not limited to war and the threat of using nuclear weapons but also include the global climate crisis, starvation, and migration, which affect a significant part of humanity and also challenge security. Currently, a significant proportion of the global population suffers from hunger, intensified further by the coronavirus disease and economic crisis. In this article, I intend to dispense with nuclear weapons—one of the biggest threats to world stability, costing billions of dollars that fall within the scope of sunk costs—to contribute to ending hunger—one of the biggest threats to humanity— in the light of “Let humanity live so that the state can live” philosophy, and to fight the global climate crisis. This study suggests a creative perspective and addresses the problems holistically by providing a peace research analysis on the nexus of peace, security, and solidarity.Conference Object A Post-Structuralist Approach To Security: an Analysis of Nato 2022 Strategic Concept(Hitit Üniversitesi, 2022) Güleç, CansuOne of the theoretical formations of post-positivist thought in International Relations is post-structuralism which became part of the literature in the 1980s. Post-structuralism claims a different position from the traditional realist and idealist perspectives in the field of security studies by offering the connection between national identity and security politics and the discursive character of the concept of security. Accordingly, the practices of security construct the national “self” by indicating the difference between itself and the “other”. In that sense, policy discourses are considered inherently social since the policy-making elite address the wider public sphere to institutionalize their understanding of the identities and policy options. Therefore, in order to understand the foreign and security policies of the actors involved in International Relations, the examination of the speeches and statements of policy makers, politicians or bureaucrats, the documents written by the institutions involved in foreign policy making has been an increasingly used as a method. In this context, official speeches, statements, parliamentary debates, diplomatic correspondence, interviews, newspapers, photographs and videos can be used in discourse analysis studies. The aim of this paper is to understand and situate NATO’s discourse within the framework of its recent Strategic Concept of 2022. In this framework, after the elaboration of concept of discourse and discourse analysis, the construction and hierarchical positioning of different actors in the text will be analyzed by asking “how” questions. In that sense, Roxanne Lynn Doty’s concepts of “presupposition”, “predication” and “subject positioning” will be used as analytical categories to provide a textual framework. The representational practices through which meaning are generated is crucial in this study. Accordingly, the discursive identities produced by NATO will be examined in order to understand the attachments to various social objects and subjects in international environment.Book Part Mixed Marriage Patterns in Istanbul: Gendering Ethno-Religious Boundaries(Palgrave Macmillan, 2022) Kaymak, ÖzgürThis study focuses on the mixed marriages between individuals from Rum Orthodox, Jewish, and Armenian communities with Muslims, who are legally regarded as ethnic-religious minorities and clustered in the urban geography of Istanbul with the ever-decreasing population. Little attention has been paid into the private sphere dynamics and practices of non-Muslims of Turkey. Hence, this research will try to understand the identity construction of Rum, Jewish, and Armenian communities in the private sphere within the context of mixed marriages. Particularly the gendered structure of the ethno-religious boundaries drawn between the minorities and the wider society are problematised. The chapter benefits from 51 in-depth interviews conducted between 2018 and 2019 with the members of Rum Orthodox, Jewish, and Armenian communities from different social class, age, and gender, who are residing in Istanbul. The data collected through this fieldwork will be presented in the light of the debate in the family and marriage, gender, and minority literature. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Conference Object Turkish Discourse on Arab Upheavals in International Environment: Post-Structural Analysis of Un General Assembly Speeches (2011-2018)(İstnabul Şehir University, Center Fore Modern Turkish Studies, 2019) Güleç, CansuWith the outbreak of the grassroots movements in December 2010, the conjuncture of the Middle Eastbegan to undergo a major transformation. The first demonstrations took place in Central Tunisia, andafter a while, a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions spread across thewhole region. With this process, defined as “Arab Spring”, any country affected by the rebellion wavehas experienced different political developments and started to follow different routes. Turkey, as aregional country, has not only monitor developments, but instead followed a very active foreign policytowards the transformations occurred. The aim of this paper is to understand and situate Turkishdiscourse about Arab upheavals in the international environment, specifically in UN General Assembly.Through asking “how” questions, the construction and hierarchical positioning of different actors inthe process will seek to be analyzed. The concepts of “presupposition”, “predication” and “subjectpositioning”, which were borrowed from Roxanne Lynn Doty, will be used as analytical categories toprovide a textual framework. The representational practices through which meaning are generated isimportant in this study. Accordingly, the discursive identities produced by Turkish elites with theirspeech acts will be examined throughout the time in order to understand the attachments to varioussocial objects and subjects in the region. Thus, both continuity and change within the Turkish discoursewould be put forward.Book Part Türkiye-ermenistan İlişkilerinin Futbol Diplomasisi Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi(Nobel Yayınevi, 2022) Cansu, GüleçUluslararası ilişkilerde; siyaset ve sporun bir arada bulunması ve bir-birini etkilemesi hususunda pek çok örnek mevcuttur. 1971 yılında, Pekin hükûmetinin Amerikan masa tenisi takımını Çin’e davet etmesiyle başlayan ve tarihe “masa tenisi diplomasisi” olarak geçen süreç, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Richard Nixon’ın Çin’e karşı uygulanan ticari ambargoları kaldırması ve Amerika’ya gelmek isteyen Çin vatandaşlarına vize verilebileceğini bildirmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır. 2004 senesinde Hindistan ve Pakistan arasında yıllardır süregelen siyasi gerginliğin, “kriket diplomasisi” olarak adlandırılan süreçle aralarındaki düşmanlığı sona erdirmek için karşılıklı olarak, güven artırıcı önlemleri güçlendirme kararı almaları da sporun bir yumuşak güç unsuru olarak kullanılmasına başka bir örnek teşkil etmiştir. Diğer yandan spor ve siyasetin birbirlerini etkiledikleri süreçlerin olumlu oldukları kadar başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan durumları da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, genel anlamda kamu diplomasisi bakışından “spor diplomasisinin”, daha spesifik olarak “futbol diplomasisinin” Türkiye-Ermenistan ilişkileri çerçevesinde analizine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi için futbolun bir araç olarak kullanılmasında hangi koşulların belirleyici olduğu ve futbol diplomasisinin iki ülke arasındaki iliş-kilere olumlu etki yapması için hangi koşulların mevcut olması gerektiği soruları ön plana çıkmaktadır. Çalışmada; ilk olarak, sporun diplomasi için el-verişli bir araç olarak kullanılmasının önemini analiz eden kavramsal çerçeve ortaya konulduktan sonra, Türkiye-Ermenistan ikili ilişkilerine etki eden dönemin siyasi ve sosyal ortamı analiz edilecektir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, uluslararası ilişkilerde iki devlet arasındaki ilişkilerin normalleştirilmesinde bir araç olarak futbol diplomasisinin ortaya koymuş olduğu fırsatlar ve uygulamadaki sınırlar bağlamındaki potansiyelinin bir analizi olacaktır.Article Jasper Johns' Flag: Beyond Realism and Abstraction(Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2020) Keki, BaşakJasper Johns is one of the most provocative American artists of the twentieth century who has shaped the perception of art and has influenced generations of artists. This paper examines one of his most important works, Flag (1955), regarding it as a work defying easy categorizations as either a realist or an abstract work. Without being identified as either kind, it nevertheless displays certain traits of both. As for its suggestion of realism, the work comes up as a response to its political, cultural and artistic context, challenging Cold War aesthetics; albeit in a mocking manner. Its ridicule is evident in its allusion to the concept of ideology via its ‘kitschy’ subject matter whilst its delicately painted surface exhibits brushstrokes reminiscent of abstract expressionism. Yet the work also confronts presumptions of abstract expressionists by drawing attention to their implicit conventionalism despite their claims for authenticity and uniqueness. It will be argued that by calling the notion of identity in question, the work suspends and surpasses neat categories and sparks even further controversy by hinting at postmodern art and evoking ready-mades simultaneously.Book Part Sustainability of Engineered Rivers in Arid Lands(Cambridge University Press, 2021) Kibaroğlu, AyşegülThe water question emerged on the international agenda in the Euphrates–Tigris (ET) basin when the three riparian nations, namely Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, initiated major water and land resources development projects in the late 1960s. The political linkages established between transboundary water issues and nonriparian security issues also exacerbated the disagreements over water sharing and allocation. In 1987 and 1990, two bilateral Euphrates water sharing protocols were negotiated. They are acknowledged by all riparian states as being interim agreements. However, these bilateral accords failed to include basic components of sustainable water resources management, namely water quality management, environmental protection, and stakeholder engagement. In the early 1980s, the Euphrates–Tigris basin countries created an institutional framework, namely the Joint Technical Committee. However, they did not empower the committee with a clear and jointly agreed mandate. Instead, the riparian countries continued unilateral and uncoordinated water and land development ventures. Impacts of climate change add to the already complex list of management shortcomings. The basin is one of the most affected regions. The findings of science project significant decreases in the Tigris and Euphrates flows. Examining the water–food–energy nexus in the ET basin is important because there are serious pressures on the river system due to population growth, agricultural practices, hydropower development, and ecosystem mismanagement. We recommend that transboundary institutions should apply the nexus approach, which helps to identify key development drivers as well as to unpack and clarify the development challenges and necessary tradeoffs in the basin. Sustainability of water resources requires stability, cooperation, and peace. The sub-state level conflicts and illegal control of water resources and water infrastructure in the basin deprive people of access to sufficient clean water, energy, and food resources in Syria and Iraq. The prerequisites for establishing or restoring sustainability in a river basin include stability as well as establishing participatory, transparent, inclusive, and accountable governance structures.Article Nato and Public Diplomacy: Opportunities and Constraints of 21st Century(SAM, 2021) Güleç, CansuThe main objective of this paper is to explain and interpret the evolution of NATO’s public diplomacy efforts in terms of the opportunities and limi- tations of today’s globalized environment. Public diplomacy refers to the efforts of states and non-state actors to better explain their values to the world. It concentrates particularly on “soft power” tools, such as science, art, culture, sports and media that enable interaction between societies. Because NATO is widely associated with security and defense issues, it is important to understand how it responds to the developments of today’s diplomatic trends with its own public diplomacy and communication ac- tivities. As technology continues to change and evolve, NATO’s commu- nication strategies have faced new types of networks and platforms. Now celebrating its 72nd anniversary, the Alliance seeks to embrace and imple- ment a contemporary communication policy with new mechanisms. Within this framework, this paper will provide a definition of the concept of public diplomacy, and explore the historical evolution of NATO’s public diploma- cy agenda. NATO’s coordination activities and values, practical means of communication and their expected impact will be discussed.Article Abd Dış Politikasında 40 Yıllık İran Sorunu : Nereden Nereye?(ORSAM, 2021) Kibaroglu, MustafaŞah Rıza Pehlevi döneminde ABD ile stratejik müttefik ilişkisi içinde olan İran, Şubat 1979’daki İslam Devrimi’nden bu yana ABD’yi “büyük şeytan” olarak tanımlamaktadır. Buna karşılık ABD de İran’ı, Suriye ve Kuzey Kore gibi ülkelerle geliştirdiği yakın askerî ve stratejik iş birliği sebebiyle “şeytan ekseni” içinde olmak ve “teröre destek vermek” ile suçlamaktadır.