İlköğretim Matematik Öğretmenliği Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11779/1932

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Conceptual and Procedural Angle Knowledge: Do Gender and Grade Level Make a Difference?
(CIMT, 2018) Aydın, Utkun
The study examined differences in students’ conceptual and procedural knowledge of angles among two grades and gender. Participants were 382 sixth and 376 seventh graders from a metropolitan city in Turkey. Turkish students’ conceptual and procedural knowledge of angles declined from sixth to seventh grade. Gender differences were found for procedural knowledge, but not for conceptual knowledge. Since conceptual and procedural knowledge of angles may have significant influences on the essential subsequent topics in geometry, we need to seriously consider the implications of these gender- and grade-related differences and pay attention particularly to males in Grade 7. The patterns of Turkish students’ conceptual and procedural angle knowledge were discussed, and educational implications were offered.
Academicians as Teachers: Nurturing Teaching Experience
(2016) Tunç-Pekkan, Zelha; Taylan, Rukiye Didem; Birgili, Bengi; Aydın, Utkun; Özcan, Mustafa
Four academicians volunteered to teach 5th grade mathematics for one year in a Turkish public school. Academicians met every week for 40 weeks where they discussed what to teach, how to teach and reflected on implementation of their shared planning. Videotapes of first six Regular Meetings and six weeks of Research Meetings were analyzed. The focus of qualitative analyses was on how the knowledge of teaching was constructed differently in those two settings. References evidencing academician teachers’ knowledge of students, instructional strategies and assessment were found to occur more frequently during the Research Meetings compared to Regular Meetings. Academicians discussed more frequently what questions to ask in the classroom and exchanged comments about students’ thinking with more evidence. Using learning theories and framing planning and reflection discussions with a focus on research appeared to be a productive way of nurturing teaching experiences of academicians as teachers.
Citation - Scopus: 9
Bilinçli-farkındalık Temelli Öz-yeterlik Ölçeği-yenilenmiş (bföö-y): Türkiye Uyarlama Çalışması
(2017) Taylan, Rukiye Didem; Bulgan, Gökçe; Atalay, Zümra; Aydın, Utkun
Bu araştırmanın amacı, Cayoun, Francis, Kasselis ve Skilbeck (2012) tarafından geliştirilen "Bilinçli- Farkındalık Temelli Öz-yeterlik Ölçeği-Yenilenmiş"i (Mindfulness-Based Self Efficacy Scale-Revised) Türkçe'ye uyarlayarak geçerlik ve güvenirliğini araştırmaktır. Özgün ölçek İngilizce'dir ve altı boyutta toplam 22 maddeden oluşan beşli likert tipi bir ölçme aracıdır. Uyarlanan Türkçe form iki farklı devlet okulunun 5., 6. ve 7. sınıflarında okuyan 713 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Tüm ölçek (?= .72) ve ölçeğin Duygu Düzenleme (?= .73), Duygusal Denge (?= .68), Sosyal Beceriler (?= .65), Sıkıntı Tahammülü (?= .62), Sorumluluk Alma (?= .61) ve Kişilerarası Etkenlik (?= .65) alt boyutları için Cronbach Alfa içtutarlık katsayıları her bir alt boyutta yer alan düşük madde sayısı göz önüne alındığında kabul edilebilir seviyededir. Ayırt edici geçerlik analizleri kız ve erkeklerin bilinçli-farkındalık temelli öz-yeterlik ortalama puanları arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığını gösterirken sınıf düzeyi açısından anlamlı farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, Türkçe'ye uyarlama çalışması gerçekleştirilen bu ölçeğin öğrencilerin bilinçli-farkındalık temelli öz-yeterlik düzeylerini belirlemede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçların kuramsal ve yöntemsel uygulamaları tartışılmıştır
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 10
The Thinking-About Test for Undergraduate Students: Development and Validation
(2015) Ubuz, Behiye; Aydın, Utkun
Two studies were conducted for the development and validation of a multidimensional test to assess undergraduate students' mathematical thinking about derivative. The first study involved two phases: question generation and refinement of the Thinking-about-Derivative Test (TDT). The second study included four phases as follows: test administration, generalizability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and subgroup validity analysis. Findings suggested that the 30-item multiple-choice TDT, which comprises 6 mathematical thinking aspects, enactive, iconic, algorithmic, algebraic, formal, and axiomatic thinking, demonstrates acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Followed by additional cross-validation studies, the TDT may be a useful tool for mathematics education researchers and mathematicians. Directions for future research and implications for educational practice are discussed.
Citation - Scopus: 2
Optimal Video Length Effect on Flow Experience and Perceived Learning: a Repeated Measure Experimental Design With Randomization
(2024) Demir, Ömer; Birgili, Bengi
Videos are commonly used in education. Benefitting from instructional videos in learning processes empowers students’ academic outcomes. In spite of this, educators have no consensus on optimal video length. There is a need to cease speculations on optimal video length since most of them have been relying only on context-based tips or best practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to delve into the optimal video length discussion through the lens of perceived learning and flow experience. We employed repeated measure experimental design with randomization of treatment order for each participant. Twenty-eight university students from two big cities in Türkiye volunteered to participate in the study. Short, medium, and long videos were compared via Friedman test. Results of this study substantiated instructional video length does not seem to affect students’ perceived learning and their overall flow experience. However, they tend to concentrate and focus better on short videos. We call for an end to optimal video length discussion for videos shorter than 10 minutes, especially in terms of learning. The implications relying on the findings were discussed in terms of differences between “thinking to be in flow” and “being actually in flow.” The recommendations are given in detail in the full text.
Exploring Prospective Teachers’ Reflections in the Context of Conducting Clinical Interviews
(Sicklerville: RU Publications, 2018) Taylan, Rukiye Didem
This study investigated prospective mathematics teachers’ reflections on the experience of designing and conducting one- to-one clinical interviews with middle school students in the context of an elective course on use of video in teacher learning. Prospective teachers were asked to write about weaknesses and strengths in student understanding as well as their own performance as an interviewer in terms of asking questions and responding to student thinking in their reflections on conducting clinical interviews. Furthermore, prospective teachers were also asked to reflect on what they would do differently in order to conduct better clinical interviews. Nature of prospective teachers’ reflections were analyzed by using existing frameworks (through constructs of reflection-on-action and reflection-for-action) and by using thematic analysis. Results of data analyses revealed that prospective teachers had more difficulties in providing meaningful reflection-for-action which was related to alternative decisions and planning for future similar interviews. Thematic analysis results revealed prospective teachers’ learning were grouped under three categories: conducting clinical interviews as part of being a teacher, complexity of conducting clinical interviews, and personal theories about middle school students. There are implications for both teacher learning and research.
Bilinçli-farkındalık (mindfulness) Temelli Psiko-eğitim Programının Öğrencilerin Matematik Kaygısı, Tutumları ve Öz Yeterlikleri Üzerindeki Etkisi
(TÜBİTAK, 2017) Aydın, Utkun; Atalay, Zümra; Taylan, Rukiye Didem; Bulgan, Gökçe; Özgülük, S. Burcu
Bu çalışmanın amacı ortaokul öğrencilerinin matematik kaygılarını azaltmak, özyeterliklerini artırmak ve matematik dersine karşı olan tutumlarını olumlu yönde geliştirmek amacıyla hazırlanmış olan bilinçli-farkındalık temelli psiko-eğitim programının etkililiğini test etmektir. Araştırmanın katılımcıları 11-13 yaş aralığındaki beşinci, altıncı ve yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşmuştur. Araştırma 3 basamakta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma 1, Bilinçli Farkındalık-Temelli Özyeterlik Ölçeği-Yenilenmiş (BFTÖÖ- Y) versiyonunun Türkçe’ye adapte edilmesi ile ölçeğin, öğrencilerin bilinçli-farkındalık temelli öz-yeterlik düzeylerini belirlemede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma 2’de ise, değişkenler arası teorik ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Bilinçli-Farkındalık Ölçeği, Matematik Tutum Ölçeği, Matematik Kaygısı Ölçeği, Kısa Semptom Envanteri Kaygı Altölçeği ve BFTÖÖ- Y kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, bilinçli-farkındalık düzeyi arttıkça kaygı ve matematik kaygı düzeyi azalmakta; bilinçli-farkındalık temelli özyeterlik düzeyi artmakta ve matematiğe yönelik tutumlar olumlu yönde gelişmektedir. Bilinçli-farkındalık temelli özyeterlik arttıkça, matematik tutumu olumlu yönde gelişmekte; matematik kaygı düzeyi azalmaktadır. Matematik kaygısı arttıkça, matematik tutumu olumsuz yönde gelişmekte, genel kaygı düzeyindeki artış matematik kaygısını arttırmaktadır. Kaygı düzeyi arttıkça matematik tutumu olumlu yönde gelişmektedir. Çalışma 3 kapsamında ise bilinçli farkındalık temelli psiko- eğitim programı öğrencilerinin matematik kaygısı, matematik tutumları ve özyeterlikleri üzerindeki etkisi test edilmiştir. Yapılan ön test- son test karşılaştırmaları sonucunda, deney grubunun bilinçli farkındalık düzeylerinin arttığı bilinçli farkındalık-temelli özyeterlik düzeylerinin ise hafif düzeyde arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Son test puanları açısından değerlendirildiğinde, deney grubunun matematik kaygı düzeyinin azaldığı, matematiğe yönelik olumlu tutum düzeylerinin arttığı, kontrol ve plasebo gruplarının ise matematik kaygı düzeylerinde çarpıcı bir değişim olmazken matematiğe yönelik olumlu tutum düzeylerinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular sonuç raporunda ilgili alan yazını ile ilişkilendirilerek tartışılmış ve uygulama açısından programın etkililiği değerlendirilmiş, gelecek çalışmalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Okulda Üniversite Modeli-temelli Öğretimin 5. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Kesir Bilgisini Geliştirme Üzerine Etkisi
(2016) Aydın, Utkun; Tunç-Pekkan, Zelha; Rukiye Didem, Taylan; Birgili, Bengi; Özcan, Mustafa
Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite-okul işbirliği kapsamında uygulanan, öğretim üyelerinin öğretmenaraştırmacı olarak rol aldığı, Okulda Üniversite Modeli temelli öğretimin 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin kesir bilgisinin geliştirilmesi üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla ölçme aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen çoktan seçmeli Kesirler Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya 2014-2015 eğitim-öğretim yılında İstanbul ili, Sarıyer ilçesi’nde bulunan 2 devlet ortaokulunda öğrenim gören 220 beşinci sınıf öğrencisi (112 deney, 108 kontrol) katılmıştır. Yarı deneysel çalışmada yöntem olarak öntest-sontestkontrol gruplu desen kullanılmıştır. Grupların eşdeğer seviyede olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla Kesirler Testi öntest olarak deney ve kontrol gruplarına uygulanmış ve grupların istatistiksel olarak eşdeğer seviyede oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra deney gruplarındaki öğrencilerin sınıflarında matematik dersleri Okulda Üniversite Modeli-temelli öğretim araştırmacılar tarafından gerçekleştirilirken kontrol gruplarında da geleneksel öğretim matematik öğretmenleri tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneysel uygulamadan sonra, Kesirler Testi sontest olarak bütün gruplara uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, Okulda Üniversite Modeli-temelli öğretimin geleneksel öğretime göre beşinci sınıf öğrencilerinin kesir bilgilerine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi vardır. Bu sonuç bağlamında üniversite-okul işbirliğinin matematik eğitimi ve öğretimine önemli katkı sağladığı önerilmektedir. Çalışmanın eğitimsel uygulamaları tartışılmıştır.
Citation - Scopus: 6
University-School Collaboration as a Tool for Promoting Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers’ Professional Skills.
(2017) Tunç-Pekkan, Zelha; Kılıç, Hülya
In this paper, we discuss pre-service mathematics teachers’ professional gains from a university-school collaboration where they were given opportunity to observe two teacher educators’ instructional practices in a 6th grade classroom, interact with students in one-to-one fashion and reflect on the teacher educators’ and their own practices. Three pre-service teachers out of nine volunteers attended all modelling and practice sessions for 20 weeks. The data collected through interviews, field notes, videos of both class activities and group reflections and written reflections. All nine pre-service teachers appreciated the value of working closely with students in a school setting rather than just observing the teachers. Furthermore, they gained experience about noticing students’ mathematical thinking and critically analyzing their own practices.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 3
Evaluation of a Strategic Management Program: Context, Input, Process, Product Model as a Prototype for Business Academies
(TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION MANAGEMENT INFORMATICS, 2021) Kırkıç, Kamil Arif; Birgili, Bengi
The present study examines the evaluation models of strategic management (SM) programs in business academies and evaluates a sample program based on Stufflebeam's context, input, process, product (CIPP) program evaluation model. When evaluation studies used in Turkey were scrutinized, Stake's countenance model and Provus's discrepancy model were also discovered; however, the CIPP Model has generally been used. Further, this study explores (1) the history of SM education and (2) SM education within the perspectives of business academies, (3) a sample of SM education developed by a private education consulting service and (4) a theoretical background and a practical method to evaluate the program of business academies.
Test Anxiety: Do Gender and School-Level Matter?
(Sicklerville: RU Publications, 2017) Aydın, Utkun
The study investigated differences in students’ reported overall test anxiety before, during, or after test taking among two school-levels and gender. Differences among three test anxiety components (thoughts, off-task behaviors, and autonomic reactions) were also examined. Participants were 725 primary (349 females, 376 males) and 375 middle (180 females, 195 males) school students from a metropolitan city in Turkey. Turkish students’ reported overall test anxiety declined from primary to middle school, with females showing higher test anxiety throughout school years. Whereas students rated thoughts high, autonomic reactions were rated low; followed by off-task behaviors. Female and male students did not differ in thoughts and autonomic reactions. School-level differences were found in off-task behaviors and autonomic reactions. The pattern of Turkish students’ overall test anxiety derived as a combination of thoughts, off-task behaviors, and autonomic reactions was discussed, and educational implications were offered.
Citation - WoS: 3
Supporting Novice Mathematics Teachers: the Impact of an E- Mentoring and Video-Based Professional Development Program on Teachers? Noticing Skills
(Modestum Ltd, 2023) Demirel, Damla; Guzel, Esra Bukova; Güzel, Esra Bukova; Güler, Mustafa; Aslan-Tutak, Fatma; Guler, Mustafa; Baki, Mujgan; Celik, Derya; Celik, Aytug Ozaltun; Taylan, Rukiye Didem; Çelik, Derya
This paper focuses on e-mentoring of novice mathematics teachers as professional development, and reports findings of the e-mentoring practices enriched with videos to improve noticing skills of novice teachers. A single group pre- and post-test study was conducted with the participation of 17 mentees, novice middle school mathematics teachers. Participants' noticing skills were assessed through a whole-class teaching video shown to them before and after the intervention. The responses of the teachers to the video assessment were analyzed considering attending, interpreting and decision-making dimensions of noticing. The results revealed that the ementoring program improved the novice mathematics teachers' noticing skills significantly in all dimensions.
Citation - WoS: 8
Investigating Pedagogical Content Knowledge-In
(Hipatia Press, 2016) Taylan, Rukiye Didem; da Ponte, Joao Pedro
Este artículo investiga el conocimiento pedagógico del contenido (PCK) de una formadora de maestros que enseña matemáticas de quinto grado en una escuela en el contexto de un proyecto de colaboración universidad-escuela. El PCK se analiza de forma cualitativa a través de episodios de aula grabados en vídeo con énfasis en las interacciones entre la maestra y los estudiantes así como reflexiones de la maestra y su razonamiento pedagógico sobre las interacciones. Los análisis muestran ejemplos del desarrollo del PCK durante la enseñanza, sobretodo de refinamiento en el dominio de conocimiento de estrategias y representaciones instruccionales. Este conocimiento mejoró como resultado de la reflexión sobre el cuestionamiento de los estudiantes y análisis de sus conceptos erróneos. Diferentes roles de ser maestro, formador e investigador ofrecen oportunidades para obtener ideas sobre cómo desarrollar el conocimiento necesario para la enseñanza y analizarlo con el fin de facilitar el aprendizaje de los futuros docentes.
Okul Öncesi Sınıfında Olumlu Eğitim İklimi Geliştirmek için Durum Çalışması ile Çözüm Arayışı
(2019) Ünlü, Canan; Tunç Pekkan, Zelha
Bir belediye yuvasında, sınıf yönetimi zorluğu yaşayan bir öğretmen ve sınıfındaki öğrencileri kapsayan bir durum çalışması yapılmıştır. Gözlemlerle belirlenen durumlara yönelik, araştırmacı -aynı zamanda deneyimli bir okul öncesi yöneticisi- sınıf öğretmenine destek vermiştir. Veriler, üç hafta pasif gözlem (durumun belirlenmesi), altı hafta öğrenci ve öğretmen için düzenlenen uygulamalar ve bir hafta pasif gözlemle (değerlendirme) elde edilmiştir. Toplamda 41 saat sınıf gözlemi, yedi saat öğretmen görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Öğretmenin rolünün öğrencilerin davranışlarını nasıl etkilediği üzerinde analizler yapılmıştır. İlk aşamadaki gözlemler sırasında belirlenen istenmedik öğrenci ve öğretmen davranışları üzerine yoğunlaşılmış ve ilintili bir uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Bu uygulamada araştırmacı, öğrencilerin bireysel ihtiyaçları gözetmede, istenmedik davranışlarını önleme ve azaltmada örnekler üzerinden yapılan uygulamalar ve geribildirimlerle öğretmeni desteklemiştir. Öğrenci ve öğretmende görülen davranış değişiklikleri takip edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, öğrenci ve öğretmende istenmedik davranışların sıklıklarının anlamlı olarak azaldığı, öğretmenin önleyici davranışlarını geliştirdiği, sınıf yönetiminin daha olumlu yönde değiştiğini göstermiştir.
In the Pursuit of a Course Design: a Tpack-Based Geometry for Preservice Mathematics Teachers
(2023) Aras, İpek Sararlar; Birgili, Bengi
Preservice mathematics teachers seem to need professional support regardingthe use of educational technologies to teach geometry topics. Particularly, ourprevious study showed that when it comes to their techno-pedagogical contentknowledge (TPACK), they self-report to need guidance to teach with technology.The purpose of this study was to develop a 14-week course to increase theirTPACK in hopes of bridging the knowledge gap identified in earlier studies. Thispaper summarized the course content with a humble expectation to get valuablefeedback from an international audience. The developed course includedlessons on components of TPACK, which were found to require improvement tobest meet future students’ needs in teaching geometry with technology. Wehope that preservice teachers’ TPACK levels will be improved after the course.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 7
An Online Laboratory School Research on Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers’ Experiences and Mathematics Teaching Anxiety
(Springer, 2022) Ölmez, İbrahim Burak; Taylan, Rukiye Didem; Pekkan, Tunç Zelha
During the COVID-19 pandemic, we founded an Online Laboratory School (OLS) under the roof of a university in Turkey to support students from public schools that were not technologically prepared for an online education and to provide an opportunity for our pre-service teachers (PSTs) to continue their internship by teaching online. The purpose of this research, consisting of two studies, was to examine experiences of 43 PSTs (first-, third- and fourth-years) during the OLS period of 8 weeks and how the OLS affected their mathematics teaching anxiety during Fall 2020. In the first study, we administered a survey to inquire into PSTs’ views on their experiences at the OLS, and in the second study we examined their mathematics teaching anxiety before and after the OLS experience using another survey. One main result was that the OLS experience served as an effective introduction to the profession for first-year PSTs and fourth- and third-year PSTs reported learning in-depth about online teaching in terms of the planning, teaching, and reflecting cycle. Another main result was that PSTs had mathematics teaching anxiety from “a little” to “a moderate amount” before the OLS and their teaching anxiety did not significantly change during the OLS period of 8 weeks. PSTs experienced highest mathematics teaching anxiety when they were observed and evaluated by supervisors during their teaching. The implications of these findings are discussed for teacher education programs.
University-School Partnership: a Lens for School Type Differences in Fractional Knowledge
(ECER 2017, 2017) Aydın, Utkun; Birgili, Bengi; Taylan, Rukiye Didem; Özcan, Mustafa; Tunç-Pekkan, Zelha
This study will examine school type differences in fifth-grade students’ fractional knowledge using data from a university-school partnership. The participants will be a total of 203 students from a public school and a private school in two districts willing to collaborate in the University within School Project. International large-scale assessments generally show that private school students outperform public school students in mathematics, science, and reading (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2009). While there is a strong theoretical impetus in the superiority of private schools, in more recent studies, after controlling for student and home background factors there appears to be little to no statistically significant school type differences in standardized test scores (OECD, 2013). In a related vein, Turkey had the largest variance internationally between schools in student performance: The overall achievement gap between the lower and higher achievers was large (OECD, 2007), and that this discrepancy was attributable to the between-school variation while controlling for family background and demographic characteristics (Alacacı & Erbaş, 2010).
Citation - Scopus: 3
Promoting Active Learning in Mathematics Teacher Education: the Flipped Classroom Method and Use of Video Content
(IGI Global, 2017) Taylan, Rukiye Didem
Teacher educators have a responsibility to help prospective teachers in their professional growth. It is important that teacher educators not only teach prospective teachers about benefits of active learning in student learning, but that they also prepare future teachers in using pedagogical methods aligned with active learning principles. This manuscript provides examples of how mathematics teacher educators can promote prospective teachers’ active learning and professional growth by bringing together the Flipped Classroom method with video content on teaching and learning as well as workplace learning opportunities in a pedagogy course. The professional learning of prospective teachers is framed accord- ing to the components of the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (Park & Olive, 2008; Shulman, 1986). Implications for future trends in teacher education are provided.
Investigating Fifth-Grade Students’ Conceptions of Fractions on the Number Line
(NCTM Research ConferenceAt: San Francisco, 2016) Taylan, Rukiye Didem; Tunc-Pekkan, Zelha; Aydın, Utkun; Birgili, Bengi; Özcan, Mustafa
In this study, clinical interviews focusing on students’ understanding of fractions as numbers on the number line were conducted with six fifth-grade students both before and after an intervention designed by teacher-researchers. Although in general students demonstrated improved understanding of fraction concepts even in situations requiring reversible thinking, difficulties in finding benchmarks on the number line and a limited awareness of density of fractions on the number line persisted among students.
Citation - Scopus: 2
Assessing Mathematical Higher-Order Thinking Skills: an Analysis of Turkish University Entrance Examinations
(Routledge, 2023) Aydın, Utkun; Birgili, Bengi
Internationally, mathematics education reform has been directed toward characterizing educational goals that go beyond topic/content/skill descriptions and develop students’ problem solving. The Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy and MATH (Mathematical Assessment Task Hierarchy) Taxonomy characterize such goals. University entrance examinations have been seen as one way of accomplishing these goals and influence learning, teaching, and assessment in mathematics. The present study analyzed mathematics items (N = 1077) in Turkish university entrance examinations in 1998-2013 and objectives (N = 621) in mathematics curricula in 2005, 2011, and 2013 to determine the extent to which they represent the dimensions/categories of these taxonomies and the degree to which items are aligned with objectives in terms of reflecting the dimensions/categories of these taxonomies. The findings reveal that the items demand, to a large extent, automated computational skills; this is also evident in the relevant mathematics curricula. Implications for practice are discussed and could play a role in reforming assessment. © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

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