Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11779/1926

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 224

Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 8
Social Support and Help-Seeking Worldwide
(Springer, 2024) Szkody, Erica; Spence, Anjolee; Ozdogru, Asil; Tushir, Bhawna; Chang, Fennie; Akkas, Handan; Cascalheira, Cory J.; Karakulak, Arzu
Social support has long been associated with positive physical, behavioral, and mental health outcomes. However, contextual factors such as subjective social status and an individual's cultural values, heavily influence social support behaviors (e.g., perceive available social support, accept support, seek support, provide support). We sought to determine the current state of social support behaviors and the association between these behaviors, cultural values, and subjective social support across regions of the world. Data from 6,366 participants were collected by collaborators from over 50 worldwide sites (67.4% or n = 4292, assigned female at birth; average age of 30.76). Our results show that individuals cultural values and subjective social status varied across world regions and were differentially associated with social support behaviors. For example, individuals with higher subjective social status were more likely to indicate more perceived and received social support and help-seeking behaviors; they also indicated more provision of social support to others than individuals with lower subjective social status. Further, horizontal, and vertical collectivism were related to higher help-seeking behavior, perceived support, received support, and provision of support, whereas horizontal individualism was associated with less perceived support and less help-seeking and vertical individualism was associated with less perceived and received support, but more help-seeking behavior. However, these effects were not consistently moderated by region. These findings highlight and advance the understanding of how cross-cultural complexities and contextual distinctions influence an individual's perception, processing, and practice of social support embedded in the changing social landscape.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 2
The Mediating Role of Instructional Design and Video Length Between Grade Level and Pupil-Content Interaction in Instructional Mathematics Videos on Youtube
(Springer, 2024) Demir, Ömer; Birgili, Bengi
The use of instructional videos is rampant in education; however, their interaction is limited by weak instructional design. Gagne has never insisted on using his renowned 9 Events of Instruction slavishly in situations as a viable paradigm for utilization in video design. Connecting grade level, video length, and interaction, this study seeks to determine the relevance of Gagne's prescribed 9 event sequence in instructional mathematics videos. We scrutinized 50 instructional mathematics videos on YouTube geared towards middle school pupils ranging between 5th and 8th grades. We used quantitative media content analysis for video analysis. In data analysis, partial least squares were used. Bayesian estimation was also resorted to for cross checking. The data revealed that one-third of Gagne's instructional design steps were not always present: activating prior knowledge, eliciting performance, and finally providing feedback. A mediation analysis between grade level and video length revealed that 6 events fully mediated the association between the two. We also elicited the impact of these variables on affective and behavioral interactions in videos. This study assists in creating an idiosyncratic instructional design model, called Birgili's 8 steps for instructional video design, and in infusing this with a melange of four theories. In contrast with the status quo attesting that the literature abounds with scholarly works touting the shorter is the better mantra, the results substantiated that longer may be better in leveraging video interactions provided that the length is judiciously used to conform to instructional design principles.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Reconnaissance and Discussion on Ground Motion Induced by the 2023 Türkiye-Syria Earthquake
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2025) Towhata, I.; Çağlayan, P.Ö.; Tönük, G.; Erginağ, U.C.; Sendir Torisu, S.
This paper discusses the output from the damage reconnaissance conducted after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake. First, a large landslide occurred in a limestone gentle slope without much ground water. Second, the ground subsidence in the coastal area does not comply the the local soil conditions and other observed post-seismic situations. Third, the acceleration records exhibit stronger motion with longer period and shorter duration towards the western end of the causative fault and suggest supershear rupture. To understand these features of the ground motion, this paper proposes a hypothetical model that can reproduce these observations to a good extent. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Warning Notes in a Learner’s Dictionary: a Study of the Effectiveness of Different Formats
(International Journal of Lexicography, 2022) Çakar, Tuna; Nesi, Hilary; Nural, Şükrü
This study used an online correction task to explore the extent to which different types of warning notes in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online were heeded when users tried to correct errors in the use of L2 target words. The task was completed by 332 participants, yielding 1,819 answers produced after clicking on links to relevant entries. Warning notes were categorised in terms of their formatting features, but there were found to be inconsistencies in the way the dictionary associated different categories with different kinds of learner error. Participants judged warning notes with more visual enhancements to be more useful, but in the correction task the position of the warning notes also seemed to affect the degree to which the warnings were successfully applied. Different types of warning notes in learners’ dictionaries have not been examined previously in any depth, and the results suggest that some adjustments to formatting and placement might make them more effective.
Citation - WoS: 29
Citation - Scopus: 38
State-Of Review of Transboundary Water Governance in the Euphrates–tigris River Basin
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Kibaroğlu, Ayşegül
This article reviews the state of the art of transboundary water governance in the Euphrates–Tigris river basin, which is characterized by both political confrontation and cooperative institutional development. First, research on the physical characteristics of the basin is presented, with references to the literature on large-scale water development projects that underpin transboundary water interactions. Then, contending approaches to transboundary water governance are discussed, with specific references to the evolution of institutions. Finally, bearing in mind that transboundary water governance in the basin occurs in volatile political circumstances, current issues such as control of the water infrastructure by non-state violent actors and protection of water during armed conflict are scrutinized.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
Case Study on Seismic Behavior of Aseismically Designed Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures
(2018) Oyguc, Evrim; Oyguc, Resat; Tönük, Gökçe
In this study, the seismic performances of two aseismically designed plan-irregular reinforced concrete frame (RCF) households damaged during the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake are assessed. Since no strong ground motion recordings from the main shock were available, first, strong ground motion parameters of the event are evaluated and then compatible with these parameters suits of real records are selected and scaled to match with the event's simulated acceleration spectrum to be used in the analytical investigations. The results of previous reconnaissance studies, in which one of the present authors was involved, are then discussed. Capacities of the considered RCF's are determined applying a 3D single-run adaptive pushover procedure that is capable of considering the effect of plan irregularities. The performance assessment procedure based on the current 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code is then applied to these investigated buildings. Additionally, nonlinear dynamic time history analyses are carried out using the previously selected time histories. The hysteretic behavior of the considered buildings is examined as the consequence of the conducted analyses and considering the different suits of selected ground motions, the seismic response of the buildings is evaluated in terms of interstorey drifts. None of the buildings are found to satisfy the expected performance level. Moreover, the numerical results are found to have good correlation with the field observation results.
The Impact of Organizational Gossip on Affective Organizational Commitment, Feelings of Loneliness, and Turnover Intention: a Mixed Methods Study
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2025) Kucuk, Burcu Aydin; Ucok, Dilek Isilay; Konuk, Hizir
This study examines the impact of organizational gossip on workplace outcomes, including affective organizational commitment, loneliness, and turnover intention, with a focus on differences between the public and private sectors. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines qualitative and quantitative data from surveys conducted with Turkish citizen partners and in-depth interviews with employees in both sectors. The findings reveal that positive gossip enhances social bonds and commitment, while negative gossip leads to loneliness and increased turnover intention, especially in the private sector where job insecurity is higher. The study introduces an integrated framework linking gossip dynamics to organizational processes. Practical implications suggest that managers should address negative gossip while promoting positive gossip to strengthen workplace relationships. This study highlights the dual role of gossip in shaping employee experiences and retention strategies.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 1
Examining Factors Influencing Turkish Jewish Attitudes Towards the Armenian Genocide
(Wiley, 2024) Kaymak, Özgür; Nefes, Türkay Salim; Gürpınar, Doğan
The most prominent issue influencing Turkish-Armenian relations is the international recognition of the Armenian genocide. However, there is a notable absence of empirical analyses regarding the perceptions of the genocide among the Turkish population. This study aims to fill this scholarly gap by exploring, for the first time, the perspectives of Turkish Jews. It analyses evidence collected from interviews conducted with 14 Turkish Jews, utilising Stanley Cohen's (2001) theoretical framework, which aids in delineating significant factors by a categorisation of types of acceptance and denial. The findings highlight a diversity of responses linked to political attitudes, which can be broadly categorised into Kayades and Avlaremoz mindsets. They also show that Turkish Jews' views on the Holocaust influence how they perceive the Armenian genocide. Additionally, the results indicate that Cohen's approach is useful in explaining non-denying responses. In conclusion, the study argues that Turkish Jews' perspectives appear to be strongly related to their stance towards the Turkish state and the Holocaust.
Citation - Scopus: 14
Grounding Probability in Narrow Waterways
(Cambridge University Press, 2020) Özlem, Şirin; Altan, Yiğit Can; Otay, Emre N.; Or, İlhan
The Strait of Istanbul is one of the world's busiest, narrowest and most winding waterways. As such, there is a high grounding probability for vessels. Although a number of grounding probability models exist, they have been deemed unsuitable by local maritime experts, due to their insufficient stopping distance criteria for narrow waterways. Thus, there is a need for a new model. This paper proposes a two-component grounding probability model that multiplies the geometric grounding probability (calculated with a kinematic-based model) with the causation probability (calculated with a specially designed Bayesian network). The geometric probability model is improved in terms of stopping distance parameters and the Bayesian network is crafted for narrow waterways. The model is then deployed with pre-determined parameters within the Strait of Istanbul to run risk analysis scenarios. The results, validated with actual grounding records, show that the causation probability is the key component for quantifying the probability of grounding in narrow waterways. If navigated without frequent evasive manoeuvres, grounding would be almost inevitable. Although this study focuses on the Strait of Istanbul, the proposed approach can be applied to research into grounding probability of vessels navigating through other waterways. Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2019.
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 17
Crossing Boundaries: a Pilot Study of Maternal Attitudes About Child Maltreatment in Nine Countries
(Elsevier, 2020) Emmen, R; Soares, I; Wang, L; Alink, L; Mesman, J; Mels, C; Asanjarani, F.; Carcamo, R; Hsiao, C; Selcuk, B; Branger, M.a, Woudstra, M.-L; Yavuz, Melis; Van Ginkel, J
Background: Definitions of child maltreatment vary widely between studies, and even more so between different cultural contexts. Objective: In this pilot study, we examine between-country variations in maternal notions about what constitutes child maltreatment. Participants and setting: The sample consisted of 466 mothers recruited in Chile, China, Greece, Iran, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Turkey, and Uruguay. Methods: All mothers completed a new Q-sort measure, ranking 90 parenting behaviors linked to subtypes of maltreatment (emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and physical abuse) from least to most detrimental to child development. Results: Between-country agreement regarding the harmfulness of the parenting behaviors was high (r =.45), but there were different patterns of reported harmfulness of subtypes of maltreatment (although driven mostly by deviating patterns in the South African sample). Further, there were significant country effects on the number and type of behaviors labeled as maltreatment (p?2 =.15), and the number of items labeled as requiring intervention (p?2 =.19). Conclusions: Variations in conceptions of maltreatment need to be studied in larger more representative samples and taken into account in the assessment and treatment of child maltreatment across cultures.
Benders Decomposition Algorithms for Minimizing the Spread of Harmful Contagions in Networks
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Sinnl, Markus; Tanınmış, Kübra; Güney, Evren; Aras, Necati
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a recent example for the spread of a harmful contagion in large populations. Moreover, the spread of harmful contagions is not only restricted to an infectious disease, but is also relevant to computer viruses and malware in computer networks. Furthermore, the spread of fake news and propaganda in online social networks is also of major concern. In this study, we introduce the measure -based spread minimization problem (MBSMP), which can help policy makers in minimizing the spread of harmful contagions in large networks. We develop exact solution methods based on branch -and -Benders -cut algorithms that make use of the application of Benders decomposition method to two different mixed -integer programming formulations of the MBSMP: an arc -based formulation and a path -based formulation. We show that for both formulations the Benders optimality cuts can be generated using a combinatorial procedure rather than solving the dual subproblems using linear programming. Additional improvements such as using scenario -dependent extended seed sets, initial cuts, and a starting heuristic are also incorporated into our branch -and -Benderscut algorithms. We investigate the contribution of various components of the solution algorithms to the performance on the basis of computational results obtained on a set of instances derived from existing ones in the literature.
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 10
Determination of Building Age for Istanbul Buildings To Be Used for the Earthquake Damage Analysis According To Structural Codes by Using Aerial and Satellite Images in Gis
(Springer Verlag, 2017) Konukcu, Betül Ergün; Karaman, Himmet; Şahin, Muhammed
Istanbul is located in one of the most active seismic zones in the world. Since Istanbul is the industrial, commercial, cultural and educational center of Turkey, it attracts ongoing migration from all over Turkey. However, those migrations caused unplanned construction and those unplanned constructions led to the formation of vulnerable and undocumented building stock in Istanbul. Many scientific studies estimated that Istanbul is expecting a major earthquake and the expected damage to the structures will be extensive. Therefore, there have been a lot of building damage estimations for the possible Istanbul earthquake to recommended precautions and to be prepared. A major disadvantage of Istanbul case is the lack of knowledge for the absolute number of buildings and the ages of those buildings. Up to now, many studies for Istanbul used the building dataset of Istanbul with the number starting from 1.1 to 1.5 million without the absolute age information. To make a correct or reliable earthquake damage estimation, a building database that contains at least building age, construction type and number of floors is required in most of the earthquake loss assessment software. This paper aims to determine the buildings of Istanbul and the age of them, according to structural codes for the earthquake zones by using aerial and satellite images of Istanbul. The classification should be based on the regulation so as to minimize the age classes and maximize the accuracy. First building regulations in Turkey came into force in 1940 in order to determine essential conditions for the realization of functional, safe and disaster-resistant building design in Turkey. Last updated building code regulations have come into force in 2007 in Turkey. It was also important to investigate the proper building detection method for the aim of this study, and it was determined as the manual digitization. In this study, the buildings of Istanbul and the age of them are determined for every single building, by digitizing the selected aerial and satellite images of Istanbul based on the official structural codes in Turkey. Thus, first the exact number and location of buildings in Istanbul and every single buildings age were determined. The results were also validated with two separate studies of Istanbul for different periods of times. By this way, earthquake damage analysis for the Istanbul buildings can be run for the real building data of Istanbul with any earthquake loss assessment software.
Citation - WoS: 21
Citation - Scopus: 22
Whistle While You Work: Toward a Model of Emotional Self-Leadership
(2016) Pearce, Craig; Manz, Charles C; Neck, Christopher P; Houghton, Jeffery D; Fugate, Mel
There has been a growing interest in leader emotion in organizational scholarship. Concomitantly, the body of research on self-leadership continues to expand. Nonetheless, relatively little work has focused on emotional self-leadership. We address this void by exploring intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of emotional self-leadership and its inherent challenges and opportunities. Specifically, we examine how emotional self-leadership strategies can be used to shape emotional experiences, emotional authenticity, and other work-related outcomes. We offer an emotional self-leadership model, research propositions, and implications for research and practice.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 10
Microstructural, Thermal Characterization and Cmas Corrosion Resistance of Novel Quaternary (y0,25er0,25tm0,25yb0,25)2si2o7 High Entropy Disilicate Material
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Çınar, Muharrem Mert; Akyürek, Öykü; Yüksek, Ahmet Numan; Ağaoğulları, Duygu; Acem, Ümran; Öveçoğlu, Mustafa Lutfi; Kavak, Sina; Gençer, Rabia
A novel (Y0,25Er0,25Tm0,25Yb0,25)2Si2O7 high entropy disilicate quaternary composition was synthesized from commercial oxide powders using ball milling and sintering processes as a candidate material for environmental barrier coatings (EBC). As-synthesized high entropy disilicate powders were sintered at different durations (12, 18, and 24 h) at 1600 degrees C in a muffle furnace before characterization. The XRD and SEM analyses revealed the single-phase monoclinic structure (beta-type) with homogeneous elemental distribution for the sintered samples. The (Y0,25Er0,25Tm0,25Yb0,25)2Si2O7 samples exhibited low thermal diffusivity coefficient, low thermal conductivity, a close coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) to SiC and a high temperature stability. The (Y0,25Er0,25Tm0,25Yb0,25)2Si2O7 samples were subjected to CMAS corrosion tests at 1300 degrees C with different durations (2, 12, and 24 h) to evaluate CMAS corrosion resistance. Additionally, Yb2Si2O7 samples were prepared and subjected to molten CMAS in the same way for comparison. Based on the results, the CMAS corrosion resistance was improved with (Y0,25Er0,25Tm0,25Yb0,25)2Si2O7 composition.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
Mice Make Temporal Inferences About Novel Locations Based on Previously Learned Spatiotemporal Contingencies
(Springer, 2022) Balci, Fuat; Gür, Ezgi; Duyan, Yalçin A.
Animals learn multiple spatiotemporal contingencies and organize their anticipatory responses accordingly. The representational/computational capacity that underlies such spatiotemporally guided behaviors is not fully understood. To this end, we investigated whether mice make temporal inferences of novel locations based on previously learned spatiotemporal contingencies. We trained 18 C57BL/6J mice to anticipate reward after three different intervals at three different locations and tested their temporal expectations of a reward at five locations simultaneously, including two locations that were not previously associated with reward delivery but adjacent to the previously trained locations. If mice made spatiotemporal inferences, they were expected to interpolate between duration pairs associated with previously reinforced hoppers surrounding the novel hopper. We found that the maximal response rate at the novel locations indeed fell between the two intervals reinforced at the surrounding hoppers. We argue that this pattern of responding might be underlain by spatially constrained Bayesian computations.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 12
Graph-Based Turkish Text Normalization and Its Impact on Noisy Text Processing
(Elsevier, 2022) Topçu, Berkay; Demir, Şeniz
User generated texts on the web are freely-available and lucrative sources of data for language technology researchers. Unfortunately, these texts are often dominated by informal writing styles and the language used in user generated content poses processing difficulties for natural language tools. Experienced performance drops and processing issues can be addressed either by adapting language tools to user generated content or by normalizing noisy texts before being processed. In this article, we propose a Turkish text normalizer that maps non-standard words to their appropriate standard forms using a graph-based methodology and a context-tailoring approach. Our normalizer benefits from both contextual and lexical similarities between normalization pairs as identified by a graph-based subnormalizer and a transformation-based subnormalizer. The performance of our normalizer is demonstrated on a tweet dataset in the most comprehensive intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations reported so far for Turkish. In this article, we present the first graph-based solution to Turkish text normalization with a novel context-tailoring approach, which advances the state-of-the-art results by outperforming other publicly available normalizers. For the first time in the literature, we measure the extent to which the accuracy of a Turkish language processing tool is affected by normalizing noisy texts before being processed. An analysis of these extrinsic evaluations that focus on more than one Turkish NLP task (i.e., part-of-speech tagger and dependency parser) reveals that Turkish language tools are not robust to noisy texts and a normalizer leads to remarkable performance improvements once used as a preprocessing tool in this morphologically-rich language.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 7
The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: Cross-National Measurement Invariance and Convergent Validity Evidence
(Psychological assessment, 2024) Abdelrahman, Mohamed; Rudnev, Maksim; Adebayo, Damilola Fisayo; Karakulak, Arzu; Akaliyski, Plamen; Jovanovic, Veljko; Abdul Kadir, Nor Ba'yah
Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) is a widely used measure that captures somatic symptoms of coronavirus-related anxiety. In a large-scale collaboration spanning 60 countries (Ntotal = 21,513), we examined the CAS's measurement invariance and assessed the convergent validity of CAS scores in relation to the fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) and the satisfaction with life (SWLS-3) scales. We utilized both conventional exact invariance tests and alignment procedures, with results revealing that the single-factor model fit the data well in almost all countries. Partial scalar invariance was supported in a subset of 56 countries. To ensure the robustness of results, given the unbalanced samples, we employed resampling techniques both with and without replacement and found the results were more stable in larger samples. The alignment procedure demonstrated a high degree of measurement invariance with 9% of the parameters exhibiting noninvariance. We also conducted simulations of alignment using the parameters estimated in the current model. Findings demonstrated reliability of the means but indicated challenges in estimating the latent variances. Strong positive correlations between CAS and FCV-19S estimated with all three different approaches were found in most countries. Correlations of CAS and SWLS-3 were weak and negative but significantly differed from zero in several countries. Overall, the study provided support for the measurement invariance of the CAS and offered evidence of its convergent validity while also highlighting issues with variance estimation.
An Intersectionality Perspective of Organizational Stereotypes and Interpersonal Dynamics
(Springer, 2024) İşiaçık, Serin; Turnalar Çetinkaya, Neslihan
People have overlapping identities that impact their experiences. It is, therefore, essential to examine relationships between social identities to understand stereotypes and their effects better. The primary objective of this study was to explore perceptions of sexual orientation, age, gender, ethnicity, and stereotypical attributes of warmth and competence in a Turkish organizational context. The secondary objective was to discern coworker and manager preferences based on the intersection of these categories. A sample of 451 university students rated hypothetical work profiles. Analysis showed that Turkishness was pivotal in shaping social perceptions and workplace relationship preferences. The integration of stigmatized group categories, such as Kurdish identity, with non-stigmatized categories showed adverse impacts on preferences. The research highlights the importance of studying the interplay among diverse identity categories when analyzing social dynamics. We propose practical and theoretical implications concerning workplace diversity and discrimination.
Citation - WoS: 11
Citation - Scopus: 12
Social Mindfulness Predicts Concern for Nature and Immigrants Across 36 Nations
(Nature Portfolio, 2022) Peker, Müjde; Van Lange, Paul A. M.; Acevedo-Triana, Cesar; Van Doesum, Niels J.; Kirkland, Kelly; Ausmees, Liisi; Amiot, Catherine E.
People cooperate every day in ways that range from largescale contributions that mitigate climate change to simple actions such as leaving another individual with choice - known as social mindfulness. It is not yet clear whether and how these complex and more simple forms of cooperation relate. Prior work has found that countries with individuals who made more socially mindful choices were linked to a higher country environmental performance - a proxy for complex cooperation. Here we replicated this initial finding in 41 samples around the world, demonstrating the robustness of the association between social mindfulness and environmental performance, and substantially built on it to show this relationship extended to a wide range of complex cooperative indices, tied closely to many current societal issues. We found that greater social mindfulness expressed by an individual was related to living in countries with more social capital, more community participation and reduced prejudice towards immigrants. Our findings speak to the symbiotic relationship between simple and more complex forms of cooperation in societies.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Mobilising Youth for Elections: Electoral Inclusion of Youth in Turkey Under Competitive Authoritarianism
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Uzun, Begüm; Keçecioğlu, Zeyno
Scholars have paid scant attention to how state-society relations are shaped in contexts where democratic and authoritarian institutions co-exist under new forms of authoritarianism. Furthermore, the realm of youth citizenship in such regimes is a nascent area warranting deeper exploration. This study draws on the case of Turkey to address these gaps by investigating why political parties, which previously marginalised young voters, have fervently mobilised youth during elections that paradoxically coincided with the process of autocratisation. We employ a content analysis of party programmes, election manifestos, and social media campaign content of major political parties, as well as secondary sources on Turkish and youth politics spanning from 1983 to 2023, to address this puzzle. Our analysis unveils three key findings. Firstly, transformative events such as the Gezi Park Protests and digital activism have invigorated youth political involvement, compelling both government and opposition parties to prioritise youth electoral engagement. Secondly, the shift from a parliamentary to a presidential system has heightened political parties' focus on securing the youth vote to win elections. Lastly, political parties strive to align youth political values with their own ideologies, and the process of election campaigning provides ample opportunities for such a goal.

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