Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
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Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Developmental Differences in Children and Adults' Enforcement of Explore Versus Exploit Search Strategies in the United States and Turkey(Wiley, 2024) Kiefer, Sarah L.; Aksu, Ece; Şen, Hilal H.; Lucca, KelseyAcross development, as children acquire a deeper understanding of their environment, they explore less and take advantage, or "exploit," what they already know. Here, we test whether children also enforce exploration-oriented search behaviors onto others. Specifically, we ask whether children are more likely to encourage a search agent to explore versus exploit their environment, and whether this pattern varies across childhood (between 3 and 6 years). We also ask whether this pattern differs between children and adults, and generalizes across two different sociocultural contexts-Turkey and the United States-that differ on dimensions that might relate to children's decisions about exploration (e.g., curiosity-focused educational practices, attitudes toward uncertainty avoidance). Participants (N = 358) watched an agent search for rewards and were asked at various points whether the agent should "stay" (exploit) in their current location, or "go" (explore) to a new location. At all points in the experiment, children enforced exploration significantly more often than adults. Early in the agent's search, children in the US enforced exploration more often than children in Turkey; later in the search, younger children (from both sociocultural contexts) were more likely to continue enforcing exploration compared to older children. These findings highlight that children are not only highly exploratory themselves, but also enforce exploration onto others-underscoring the central role that exploration plays in driving early cognitive development across diverse sociocultural contexts.Research Highlights The current study examined developmental and cross-cultural differences in children and adults' enforcement of explore-exploit search strategies. Children in the US and Turkey enforced exploration more than adults, who enforced exploitation more often; results were generally consistent across cultures with small differences. Mirroring developmental changes in children's own search behavior; the tendency to enforce exploration decreased between 3- to 6-years of age. Findings underscore the central role of an "exploration mindset" in children's early decision-making-even when exploration has no direct benefits to the child themselves.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Estimated Probabilities of Positive, Vs. Negative, Events Show Separable Correlations With Covid-19 Preventive Behaviours(Elsevier, 2022) Aksu, Ayça; Booth, Robert W.; Yavuz, Burak Baran; Peker, MüjdeResearch has associated optimism with better health-protective behaviours, but few studies have measured optimism or pessimism directly, by asking participants to estimate probabilities of events. We used these probability estimates to examine how optimism and/or pessimism relate to protecting oneself from COVID-19. When COVID-19 first reached Turkey, we asked a snowball sample of 494 Istanbul adults how much they engaged in various COVID-protective behaviours. They also estimated the probabilities of their catching COVID-19, and of other positive and negative events happening to them. Estimated probability of general positive events (optimism) correlated positively with officially-recommended helpful behaviours (e.g. wearing masks), but not with less-helpful behaviours (e.g. sharing ‘alternative’ COVID-related information online). Estimated probabilities of general negative events (pessimism), or of catching COVID, did not correlate significantly with helpful COVID-related behaviours; but they did correlate with psychopathological symptoms, as did less-helpful COVID-related behaviours. This shows important nuances can be revealed by measuring optimism and pessimism, as separate variables, using probability estimates.Article Citation - WoS: 30Citation - Scopus: 27Drivers of Cultural Success: the Case of Sensory Metaphors(2015) Berger, Jonah; Akpınar, EzgiWhy do some cultural items catch on and become more popular than others? Language is one of the basic foundations of culture. But what leads some phrases to become more culturally successful? There are multiple ways to convey the same thing and phrases with similar meanings often act as substitutes, competing for usage. A not so friendly person, for example, can be described as unfriendly or cold. We study how the senses shape cultural success, suggesting that compared with their semantic equivalents (e.g., unfriendly person), phrases which relate to senses in metaphoric ways (e.g., cold person) should be more culturally successful. Data from 5 million books over 200 years support this prediction: Sensory metaphors are used more frequently over time than are their semantic equivalents. Experimental evidence demonstrates that sensory metaphors are more memorable because they relate more to the senses and have more associative cues. These findings shed light on how senses shape language and the psychological foundations of culture more broadly.Article Citation - WoS: 52Citation - Scopus: 60De-Europeanisation in Turkey: the Case of the Rule of Law(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Saatçioğlu, BekenThis article investigates the political dynamics shaping the post-2010 ‘de-Europeanisation’ of Turkey’s judicial system, particularly regarding judicial independence and rule of law. The analysis suggests the limits of conventional Europeanisation accounts emphasising causal factors such as European Union (EU) conditionality and the ‘lock-in effects’ of liberal reforms due to the benefits of EU accession. The article argues that the Justice and Development Party’s (AKP’s) bid for political hegemony resulted in the reversal of rule of law reforms. De-Europeanisation is discussed in terms of both legislative changes and the government’s observed discourse shift.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 2A Benchmark Dataset for Turkish Data-To Generation(Elsevier, 2022) Demir, Şeniz; Öktem, SezaIn the last decades, data-to-text (D2T) systems that directly learn from data have gained a lot of attention in natural language generation. These systems need data with high quality and large volume, but unfortunately some natural languages suffer from the lack of readily available generation datasets. This article describes our efforts to create a new Turkish dataset (Tr-D2T) that consists of meaning representation and reference sentence pairs without fine-grained word alignments. We utilize Turkish web resources and existing datasets in other languages for producing meaning representations and collect reference sentences by crowdsourcing native speakers. We particularly focus on the generation of single-sentence biographies and dining venue descriptions. In order to motivate future Turkish D2T studies, we present detailed benchmarking results of different sequence-to-sequence neural models trained on this dataset. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first of its kind that provides preliminary findings and lessons learned from the creation of a new Turkish D2T dataset. Moreover, our work is the first extensive study that presents generation performances of transformer and recurrent neural network models from meaning representations in this morphologically-rich language.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 8The Role of Cumulative Risk and Armed Conflict Exposure in Adolescent Psychological Symptoms in Turkey(Wiley, 2024) Kara, Buket; Selçuk, BilgeExposure to risk factors and adversity may cause immediate, and sometimes prolonged, psychological symptoms in adolescents. Identifying universal and specific risk factors in a particular context and examining their cumulative effects is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying psychological symptoms and informing about strategies for intervention. Using concurrent measures, the current study aimed to examine the role of armed conflict experiences and cumulation of other risk factors (e.g., maternal psychological symptoms, socioeconomic indicators) in predicting adolescent psychological symptoms in an underresearched community. The sample included 161 adolescents (54.7% female) aged 11-14 years (M = 12.36, SD = 1.27) and their mothers living in the east of Turkey. The cumulative risk index was calculated by summing the standardized scores of the corresponding factors. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict internalizing and externalizing symptoms among adolescents by introducing demographic variables (age, gender) in the first step, armed conflict experiences and cumulative risk in the second step, and their interaction in the final step. Results showed that the levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms were predicted by gender, armed conflict experience and cumulative risk. Being a girl was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms and lower levels of externalizing symptoms. Higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms were predicted by exposure to armed and cumulative risk. After controlling for other factors, the interaction of armed conflict experience and cumulative risk significantly predicted externalizing, but not internalizing symptoms. These findings suggested that cumulative risk was a stronger predictor of psychological symptoms, and further amplified the strength of the association between armed conflict experiences and externalizing symptoms. These findings can be used in the formulation of intervention strategies and policies to promote psychological well-being in adolescents living in armed conflict zones under multiple risks.Article Citation - WoS: 13Citation - Scopus: 14The Timing Database: an Open-Access, Live Repository for Interval Timing Studies(Springer, 2023) Brochard, Renaud; Karşılar, Hakan; Akdoğan, Başak; De Corte, Benjamin; Aydoğan, Turaç; Baccarani, Alessia; Duyan, Yalçın AkınInterval timing refers to the ability to perceive and remember intervals in the seconds to minutes range. Our contemporary understanding of interval timing is derived from relatively small-scale, isolated studies that investigate a limited range of intervals with a small sample size, usually based on a single task. Consequently, the conclusions drawn from individual studies are not readily generalizable to other tasks, conditions, and task parameters. The current paper presents a live database that presents raw data from interval timing studies (currently composed of 68 datasets from eight different tasks incorporating various interval and temporal order judgments) with an online graphical user interface to easily select, compile, and download the data organized in a standard format. The Timing Database aims to promote and cultivate key and novel analyses of our timing ability by making published and future datasets accessible as open-source resources for the entire research community. In the current paper, we showcase the use of the database by testing various core ideas based on data compiled across studies (i.e., temporal accuracy, scalar property, location of the point of subjective equality, malleability of timing precision). The Timing Database will serve as the repository for interval timing studies through the submission of new datasets.Article Cross-Cultural Data on Romantic Love and Mate Preferences From 117,293 Participants Across 175 Countries(Nature Research, 2025) Kowal, Marta; Sorokowski, Piotr; Gjoneska, Biljana; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Pfuhl, Gerit; Aguilar, Leonardo; Prazeres, Filipe; Toplu-Demirtaş, EzgiPsychological studies on close relationships have often overlooked cultural diversity, dynamic processes, and potentially universal principles that shape intimate partnerships. To address the limited generalizability of previous research and advance our understanding of romantic love experiences, mate preferences, and physical attractiveness, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural survey study on these topics. A total of 404 researchers collected data in 45 languages from April to August 2021, involving 117,293 participants from 175 countries. Aside from standard demographic questions, the survey included valuable information on variables relevant to romantic relationships: intimate, passionate, and committed love within romantic relationships, physical-attractiveness enhancing behaviors, gender equality endorsement, collectivistic attitudes, personal history of pathogenic diseases, relationship quality, jealousy, personal involvement in sexual and/or emotional infidelity, relational mobility, mate preferences, and acceptance of sugar relationships. The resulting dataset provides a rich resource for investigating patterns within, and associations across, a broad range of variables relevant to romantic relationships, with extensive opportunities to analyze individual experiences worldwide. © The Author(s) 2025.Article Citation - WoS: 16Citation - Scopus: 19Seismic Assessment of Ductile Concentrically Braced Frames With Hss Bracings(Elsevier, 2019) Akbaş, Bülent; Şeker, Onur; Faytarouni, Mahmoud; Shena, JayA study on the seismic ductility demands on square HSS braces in special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) is presented to address the seismic risk of braces in existing SCBF buildings designed according to both previous and current AISC Seismic Provisions. First, the paper discusses the development of ductility-based fragility curves by employing specimens with various width-to-thickness and slenderness ratios collected from 16 experimental programs from 1978 to today. Second, the constructed fragility curves are used to estimate the vulnerability of square HSS braces to the damage state of fracture using the brace ductility demand as engineering demand parameter. Then, the seismic risk of braces in terms of fatigue life is evaluated under 30 earthquake ground motions using a seven-story office building designed following requirements of previous and current design practice. The study concludes that braces in SCBF designed in compliance with the previous and current AISC Seismic Provisions are subject to a high probability of fracture under earthquake ground motions characterized by different intensity levels, which in turn might lead to underestimation of the overall seismic risk.Article Citation - WoS: 13Citation - Scopus: 14Economic Outcomes in Patients With Chemotherapy-Naive Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated With Enzalutamide or Abiraterone Acetate Plus Prednisone(Springer, 2020) Lechpammer, Stanislav; Ramaswamy, Krishnan; Wang, Li; Mardekian, Jack; George, Daniel J.; Sandin, Rickard; Schultz, Neil M.; Başer, Onur; Huang, AhongIntroduction: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer death among US men and accounts for considerable healthcare expenditures. We evaluated economic outcomes in men with chemotherapy-naı¨ve metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC) treated with enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (abiraterone). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis on 3174 men (18 years or older) utilizing the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) database from 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2018. Men with mCRPC were included if they had at least one pharmacy claim for enzalutamide or abiraterone (first claim date = index date) following surgical or medical castration, had no chemotherapy treatment within 12 months prior to the index date, and had continuous VHA enrollment for at least 12 months pre- and post-index date. Men were followed until death, disenrollment, or end of study and were 1:1 propensity score matched (PSM). All-cause and PC-related resource use and costs per patient per month (PPPM) in the 12 months post index were compared between matched cohorts. Results: We identified 1229 men with mCRPC prescribed enzalutamide and 1945 prescribed abiraterone with mean ages of 74 and 73 years, respectively. After PSM, each cohort had 1160 patients. The enzalutamide cohort had fewer all-cause (2.51 vs 2.86; p\0.0001) and PC-related outpatient visits (0.86 vs 1.03; p\0.0001), with corresponding lower all-cause ($2588 vs $3115; p\0.0001) and PC-related ($1356 vs $1775; p\0.0001) PPPM outpatient costs compared with the abiraterone cohort. Allcause total costs (medical and pharmacy) PPPM ($8085 vs $9092; p = 0.0002) and PC-related total costs PPPM ($6321 vs $7280; p\0.0001) were significantly lower in the enzalutamide cohort compared with the abiraterone cohort. Conclusions: Enzalutamide-treated men with chemotherapy-naı ¨ve mCRPC had significantly lower resource utilization and healthcare costs compared with abiraterone-treated men. Plain Language Summary: Plain language summary available for this article.Article Citation - WoS: 38Citation - Scopus: 40Predictors of Enhancing Human Physical Attractiveness: Data From 93 Countries(Elsevier, 2022) Sorokowski, Piotr; Pisanski, Katarzyna; V. Valentova, Jaroslava; A.C.Varella, Marco; A. Frederick, David; Kowal, Marta; Toplu-Demirtaş, EzgiPeople across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives.Article Citation - Scopus: 15The Eu’s Response To the Syrian Refugee Crisis: a Battleground Among Many Europes(Routledge, 2020) Saatçioğlu, BekenThis article examines the European Union (EU)’s response to the 2015–2016 refugee crisis. Departing from the understanding that Europe is a contested phenomenon, it investigates how different – Thick, Thin, Parochial and Global – Europes influenced the EU’s management of the crisis culminating in the March 2016 EU-Turkey ‘refugee deal’. Two findings are advanced. First, European actors reacted differently to the EU’s initially attempted Thick Europe approach to the crisis, following their respective Europe conceptions. Second, faced with growing divisions, they ultimately united around a lowest common denominator solution represented by the refugee deal which illustrated Thin Europe at the expense of a more norm-based policy associated with Thick and Global Europes. The findings demonstrate the significance of embedding the various European reactions to the crisis within different Europe categories while showing that consensus was still possible to tackle an external problem.Article Citation - WoS: 16Citation - Scopus: 16Stay Motivated and Carry On: a Meta-Analytic Investigation of Motivational Regulation Strategies and Academic Achievement, Motivation, and Self-Regulation Correlates(Amer Psychological Assoc, 2024) Fong, Carlton J.; Altan, Servet; Gonzales, Cassandra; Kirmizi, Mehmet; Adelugba, Semilore F.; Kim, Yeo-eunMotivational regulation, or the way learners purposefully initiate, maintain, or supplement their willingness for task engagement and completion, has been an important area of research in educational psychology. However, despite the surge of research on this topic, it remains unclear how specific motivational regulation strategies relate to learners' academic performance, motivation, and other forms of self-regulation. Based on findings from 55 studies (67 unique samples), we found a range of positive correlations among 10 types and subtypes of motivational regulation strategies and the following variables: academic achievement (rs = .01-.15), motivation (effort, rs = .11-.52; value perceptions, rs = .21-.35; and competence beliefs, rs = .22-.40), and self-regulation (cognitive, rs = .28-.51; behavioral, rs = .10-.33). Moderator results indicated that the magnitudes of associations among motivational regulation strategies and achievement and self-regulation varied by grade level and geographic region. Intercorrelations among motivational regulation strategies indicated wide-ranging degrees of overlap across strategies. Using meta-analytic structural equation modeling, we explored how motivational regulation strategies indirectly related to achievement through motivational beliefs and how self-regulatory factors were precursors to motivational regulation. Our meta-analytic findings shed light upon which motivational regulation strategies might be most adaptive for academic achievement, motivation, and self-regulation, and identified for whom and under what circumstances specific strategies can be most adaptively used.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 8Teachers' Attention To and Flexibility With Referent Units(Springer, 2021) Ölmez, İbrahim Burak; Çopur-Genctürk, YaseminAttending to the whole unit that a number refers to in a mathematical problem situation and showing flexibility in coordinating different units are foundational for mathematical understanding. In this study, we explored teachers’ attention to and flexibility with referent units in situations involving fractions and fraction multiplication. Using data collected across the USA from 246 mathematics teachers in Grades 3–7 where fractions are taught, we found that teachers’ attention to and flexibility with referent units were related to each other as well as to teachers’ overall knowledge of fractions.Article Citation - Scopus: 1Brief Psychometric Analysis of the Self-Evaluation Scale–parent Report (ses–p)(SAGE Publications, 2017) Atalay, Zümra; Bardhoshi, Gerta; Sherman, Martin F.; Erford, Bradley T.The Self-Evaluation Scale–Parent Report (SES–P) assesses parents’ perceptions of the self-concept of their children aged 7 to 17 years. Internal aspects of validity indicated a marginal to adequate fit of the data to both the unidimensional and hypothesized 4-factor model. The SES–P had excellent convergent and discriminant validity.Article Gender Differences in Cyber Dating Violence Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(Wiley, 2025) Erbicer, Eyup Sabir; Metin, Ahmet; Zencir, Tolga; Boranli, Ece Nur; Demirtas, Ezgi Toplu; Sen, SedatDespite the growing body of research on cyber dating violence, a comprehensive understanding of gender differences in cyber-violent behaviors across developmental stages remains limited. The main purpose of this meta-analytic review was to estimate the direction and magnitude of gender differences in cyber dating violence perpetration and victimization by synthesizing results from various studies. The second purpose of this study was to examine the effect of potential moderators (i.e., continent, age, grade level, time frame, method of survey administration, the metric of the outcome, study design, publication status, and publication year) on these differences. Various databases were used to identify relevant studies, including PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC, and ProQuest. Eighty-one individual studies with a total sample of 70,233 participants, ranging in age from 10 to 30 years (M = 18.94), were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the present study. Most studies were conducted in North America and Europe with the largest proportions from the United States and Spain. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant gender differences (women vs. men; girls vs. boys) in perpetration and victimization of cyber dating violence. Moderator analyses showed that grade level and sample age were statistically significant moderators of gender differences in cyber dating violence victimization. However, other moderators (continent, time frame, method of survey administration, the metric of the outcome, study design, publication status, and publication year) were not statistically significant. This study contributes to understanding gender differences in cyber-violent behaviors during adolescence and emerging adulthood and highlights the importance of some moderators when developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 10Designing Effective, Contemporary Assessment on a Flipped Educational Sciences Course(Routledge, 2019) Caroline Fell KurbanEvidence shows flipped learning increases academic performance and student satisfaction. Yet, often practitioners flip instruction but keep traditional curricula and assessment. Assessment in higher education is often via written exams. But these provide limited feedback and do not ask students to put knowledge into practice. This does not support the tenets of flipped learning. For two years, the author flipped instruction but retained traditional curricula and assessment. However, on the author’s current course, all three aspects were redesigned to better support flipped learning. The aim of this research is to test the effectiveness of this redesign regarding student engagement and satisfaction. Thus, it is asked: How, on this course, can meaningful, continuous assessment be provided as well as effective, personalized feedback, while staying in line with the philosophy of flipped learning? Action research took place from September 2016 to June 2017. Quantitative data from a student survey, and qualitative data from a research diary and student focus group were gathered. What emerged is: a little-and-often assessment approach is effective for learning and engagement; tasks must be authentic and test demonstration of knowledge, not memory; quality, not quantity, is key for student learning; and students desire individualized feedback. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Article A Bayesian Allocation Model Based Approach To Mixed Membership Stochastic Blockmodels(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Kırbız, Serap; Hızlı, ÇağlarAlthough detecting communities in networks has attracted considerable recent attention, estimating the number of communities is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose a model, which replicates the generative process of the mixed-membership stochastic block model (MMSB) within the generic allocation framework of Bayesian allocation model (BAM) and BAM-MMSB. In contrast to traditional blockmodels, BAM-MMSB considers the observations as Poisson counts generated by a base Poisson process and marks according to the generative process of MMSB. Moreover, the optimal number of communities for BAM-MMSB is estimated by computing the variational approximations of the marginal likelihood for each model order. Experiments on synthetic and real data sets show that the proposed approach promises a generalized model selection solution that can choose not only the model size but also the most appropriate decomposition.Article Citation - WoS: 23Citation - Scopus: 23Experimental Observation of Temperature and Pressure Induced Frequency Fluctuations in Silicon Mems Resonators(IEEE, 2021) Zhao, Chun; Mustafazade, Arif; Pandit, Milind; Seshia A, Ashwin; Sobreviela, Guillermo; Zou, XudongSilicon MEMS resonators are increasingly being adopted for applications in timing and frequency control, as well as precision sensing. It is well established that a key limitation to performance is associated with sensitivity to environmental variables such as temperature and pressure. As a result, technical approaches to address these factors such as vacuum sealing and ovenization of the resonators in a temperature controlled system have been introduced. However, residual sensitivity to such effects can still serve as a significant source of frequency fluctuations and drift in precision devices. This is experimentally demonstrated in this paper for a precision oven-controlled and vacuum-sealed silicon resonators. The frequency fluctuations of oscillators constructed using two separate nearly-identical co-located resonators on the same chip are analysed and differential frequency fluctuations are examined as a means of reducing the impact of common-mode effects such as temperature and pressure. For this configuration, our results show that the mismatch of temperature and pressure coefficients between the resonators ultimately limits the frequency stability.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2Polarisation and Youth in Turkey: Young People as Gatekeepers or Challengers of Polarisation?(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Lüküslü, Demet; Uzun, BegümAmid global trends of increased polarisation and Turkey's deep-seated ethnic, religious, and cultural cleavages, polarisation poses significant risks to democratic sustainability in Turkey. This study, leveraging a 2017 national survey and in-depth interviews with young people during a pivotal shift to a presidential regime, explores whether youth remain divided by political attitudes and cultural values or challenge entrenched divisions in society. We found that both sociocultural identities (being religious or secular) and partisan identities (supporting the ruling powers or the opposition) create issue-based polarisation among youth. Contrary to expectations, however, this polarisation does not extend to an affective one, suggesting a complex, nuanced landscape of political engagement and potential for bridging divides.

