Non-Fungible Token'ların (NFT) Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi
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2025
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Open Access Color
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Bu çalışma, Non-Fungible Token'ların (NFT), 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunumuz (FSEK)1 kapsamındaki hükümler doğrultusunda nasıl değerlendirilebileceğini incelemektedir. NFT, blokzincir teknolojisine dayalı olarak oluşturulan, benzersiz ve değiştirilemez bir kripto varlık türü olarak, özellikle dijital sanat ve fikri mülkiyet alanlarında yeni hukuki tartışmaları gündeme getirmiştir. Çalışmada, NFT'lerin hukuki niteliği, eser sahipliği ile mali ve manevi haklar bakımından doğurduğu sonuçlar analiz edilmiştir. Minting işleminin hukuki boyutu, NFT kaynaklı telif hakkı ihlalleri ve bu bağlamda ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıklar değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada doktrinsel yöntem benimsenmiş; literatür taraması, mevzuat incelemesi ve örnek dava analizleri yoluyla konu çok boyutlu ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde, eser kavramı, eser sahibinin hakları ve dijitalleşmenin bu haklara etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, blokzincir teknolojisi, kripto varlık kavramı ile türleri, NFT'nin teknik yapısı ve hukuki niteliği irdelenmiş; eşya, kıymetli evrak veya gayrimaddi hak olarak sınıflandırılmasına yönelik farklı yaklaşımlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde minting işlemi ve NFT'lerin 'eser' sayılıp sayılamayacağına dair doktriner tartışmalar ele alınmış; NFT satışlarında pay takip hakkının uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir. Bölümün sonunda, son zamanlarda sıkça gündeme gelen ve alanında ilk örneklerden olan, uyuşmazlıklar değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda, NFT'lerin FSEK kapsamında net bir şekilde tanımlanması gerektiği, eser niteliğinde NFT'ler için hak sahipliği ile ilgili belirsizliklerin giderilmesi gerektiği ve pay takip hakkının dijital ortama uyarlanması yönünde yasal düzenleme ihtiyacı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, literatürdeki teorik tartışmaları somut dava örnekleriyle destekleyerek Türk hukukuna özgün katkılar sunmayı hedeflemektedir.
This study examines how Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) can be evaluated within the framework of the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works No. 5846. As a unique and non-interchangeable type of crypto asset created through blockchain technology, NFTs have introduced new legal debates, particularly in the fields of digital art and intellectual property. The study analyzes the legal nature of NFTs and the implications they entail in terms of authorship, as well as economic and moral rights. It also assesses the legal aspects of the minting process, copyright infringements related to NFTs, and the disputes that have emerged in this context at both national and international levels. A doctrinal methodology was adopted in the research; the topic was approached from multiple dimensions through literature review, analysis of legislation, and examination of case studies. In the first chapter, the concept of a 'work,' the rights of the author, and the impact of digitalization on these rights are discussed. The second chapter focuses on blockchain technology, the concept and types of crypto assets, the technical structure and legal nature of NFTs, and compares various approaches regarding their classification as property, negotiable instruments, or intangible rights. The third chapter discusses doctrinal debates on the minting process and whether NFTs can be considered 'works' under copyright law; it also analyzes the applicability of the resale right in NFT sales. The chapter concludes with the evaluation of recent prominent legal disputes, which serve as early examples in the field. iv In conclusion, the study finds that NFTs should be clearly defined under the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works; legal uncertainties concerning ownership rights over NFTs that qualify as works should be resolved; and the resale right should be adapted to the digital environment through legislative amendments. In this respect, the study aims to offer an original contribution to Turkish legal literature by supporting theoretical discussions with concrete case examples.
This study examines how Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) can be evaluated within the framework of the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works No. 5846. As a unique and non-interchangeable type of crypto asset created through blockchain technology, NFTs have introduced new legal debates, particularly in the fields of digital art and intellectual property. The study analyzes the legal nature of NFTs and the implications they entail in terms of authorship, as well as economic and moral rights. It also assesses the legal aspects of the minting process, copyright infringements related to NFTs, and the disputes that have emerged in this context at both national and international levels. A doctrinal methodology was adopted in the research; the topic was approached from multiple dimensions through literature review, analysis of legislation, and examination of case studies. In the first chapter, the concept of a 'work,' the rights of the author, and the impact of digitalization on these rights are discussed. The second chapter focuses on blockchain technology, the concept and types of crypto assets, the technical structure and legal nature of NFTs, and compares various approaches regarding their classification as property, negotiable instruments, or intangible rights. The third chapter discusses doctrinal debates on the minting process and whether NFTs can be considered 'works' under copyright law; it also analyzes the applicability of the resale right in NFT sales. The chapter concludes with the evaluation of recent prominent legal disputes, which serve as early examples in the field. iv In conclusion, the study finds that NFTs should be clearly defined under the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works; legal uncertainties concerning ownership rights over NFTs that qualify as works should be resolved; and the resale right should be adapted to the digital environment through legislative amendments. In this respect, the study aims to offer an original contribution to Turkish legal literature by supporting theoretical discussions with concrete case examples.
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Hukuk, Akıllı Sözleşmeler, Blockchain, Değiştirilemez Jeton, Dijital Eserler, Telif Hakları, Law, Smart Contracts, Blockchain, Non-Fungible Token, Digital Works, Copyrights
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184