Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü Koleksiyonu
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Article Fuzzy Decision Mechanism for Stock Market Trading(2021) Çapkan, Yavuz; Şenol, Erdi; Ulu, CenkInvestors utilize various methods to make buy/sell decisions depending on time-dependent stock market prices. In this study, a fuzzy decision mechanism that makes buy/sell decisions for stock market data is proposed. The proposed mechanism generates instant buy/sell decisions by evaluating three popular indicators which are the Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD) Strategy, Chaikin Money Flow (CMF), and Stochastic Oscillator (SO). The fuzzy decision mechanism has three inputs and one output which are defined by using Gaussian membership functions. In the design of the decision mechanism, Mamdani inference method is used and the rule table is defined by nine rules. Therefore, the structure of the proposed fuzzy decision mechanism is simple and straightforward. The performance of the proposed fuzzy decision mechanism is compared with two classical decision mechanisms using MACD and CMF indicators separately. In the comparisons, the stock market data of Borsa Istanbul 100 Index (XU100), Dow Jones Industrial Average (^DJI), and S&P 500 (^GSPC) are used. The comparison results show that the proposed fuzzy decision mechanism provides significantly higher profit than the mechanisms using either MACD or CMF indicators for all stock market data.Research Project Santrifüj Pompa Kavitasyon Performans Karakteristiklerinin Tayini için Basitleştirilmiş Kavitasyon Modellerinin İyileştirilmesi(TÜBİTAK, 2020) Ayder, Erkan; Delale, Can Fuat; Morkoyun, Uğurcan; Pasinlioğlu, ŞenayBu çalısmada Delale ve Pasinlioglu (2018) tarafından önerilen kabarcık gaz basıncı yasasıyla betimlenen ısıl sönüm mekanizmasını içeren Rayleigh-Plesset küresel kabarcık dinamigi denklemini esas alan bir hidrodinamik kavitasyon modeli insa edilmistir. Bu modeli sınamak üzere kavitasyonlu lüle akısı deneyleri yapılmıs, lüle içindeki kavitasyonsuz, zayıf kavitasyonlu ve kuvvetli kavitasyonlu akıs rejimleri yüksek hızlı kamerayla görüntülenerek kaydedilmis ve lüle cidarlarına yerlestirilen basınç sensörleriyle statik basınç degerleri ölçülmüstür. Elde edilen deney sonuçları, yeni hidrodinamik kavitasyon modelin sanki-birboyutlu sayısal sonuçlarıyla ve ticari yazılımlardaki basitlestirilmis kavitasyon modellerinin ikiboyutlu sayısal sonuçları karsılastırılmıstır. Böylece santrifüj pompalara uygulanmak üzere ticari yazılımlardaki Zwart vd. (2004) kavitasyon modeli en uygun model olarak seçilmis ve yeni kabarcık gaz basıcı yasasını içerecek sekilde iyilestirilmistir. Santrifüj pompa kavitasyon performans karakteristiklerinin tayini için ENPY (emmede gerekli net pozitif yük) degerleri küçük ve görüntü kaydına izin veren pleksiglas bir pompada kavitasyonlu akıs halinde deneyler yapılmıstır. Bu pompa için gerek deney sonuçları, gerek orijinal ve iyilestirilmis Zwart vd. kavitasyon modellerinin sayısal benzetim sonuçları ENPY degerleri birin altına düstügünde kararsızlıklar göstermistir. Ancak kararızlıklar baslamadan ENPY degeri bir civarındayken iyilestirilmis Zwart vd. kavitasyon modelinin sayısal sonuçları, orijinal modele kıyasla, az da olsa kavitasyon siddetinin arttıgını, böylece kavitasyon performansının düstügünü göstermistir. Bu sonucu daha belirginlestirmek üzere ENPY degerleri nispeten daha yüksek bir pompa tasarlanmıs ve orijinal ve iyilestirilmis Zwart vd. kavitasyon modellerinin sayısal benzetim sonuçları karsılastırılmıstır. Bu durumda iyilestirilmis Zwart vd. modelinde kavitasyon performansının, orijinal modele kıyasla, belirgin olarak azaldıgı gösterilmistir.Article Citation - WoS: 15Citation - Scopus: 13Calibration of the Effective Spring Constant of Ultra-Short Cantilevers for a High-Speed Atomic Force Microscope(2015) Xu, Lin-Yan; Wu, Sen; Hu, Xiao-Dong; Song, Yun-Peng; Fu, Xing; Zhang, Jun-Ming; Dorantes-Gonzalez, Dante JorgeUltra-short cantilevers are a new type of cantilever designed for the next generation of high-speed atomic force microscope (HS-AFM). Ultra-short cantilevers have smaller dimensions and higher resonant frequency than conventional AFM cantilevers. Moreover, their geometry may also be different from the conventional beam-shape or V-shape. These changes increase the difficulty of determining the spring constant for ultra-short cantilevers, and hence limit the accuracy and precision of force measurement based on a HS-AFM. This paper presents an experimental method to calibrate the effective spring constant of ultra-short cantilevers. By using a home-made AFM head, the cantilever is bent against an electromagnetic compensation balance under servo control. Meanwhile the bending force and the cantilever deflection are synchronously measured by the balance and the optical lever in the AFM head, respectively. Then the effective spring constant is simply determined as the ratio of the force to the corresponding deflection. Four ultra-short trapezoid shape cantilevers were calibrated using this method. A quantitative uncertainty analysis showed that the combined relative standard uncertainty of the calibration result is less than 2%, which is better than the uncertainty of any previously reported techniques.Book Part Citation - Scopus: 4Jute and Luffa Fibers: Physical, Acoustical, and Mechanical Properties(Elsevier, 2022) Yüce, Hüseyin; Genç, Garip; Körük, HasanIn this study, the physical, acoustical, and mechanical properties of jute and luffa fibers are presented. It should be noted that, although the main materials of jute and luffa fibers are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, the mechanical properties of jute and luffa fibers and the acoustical properties of jute and fiber samples can be quite different. It is worth noting that jute fibers are bidirectional while luffa fibers are random-oriented. Furthermore, the diameters and lengths of these two fibers can be quite different. One problem with these natural fibers is that very different values for their diameter, length, and density have been reported in the literature. Therefore, the diameter, length, and density of a huge number of jute and luffa fibers were measured using precise equipment to determine their average values and deviations in this study. In addition to the results of these measurements, the results of a comprehensive literature review on the physical, acoustical, and mechanical properties of jute and fibers and their green samples (i.e., fiber samples without any resin) were presented in this study. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Other Mef Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü Öğrencileri Büşra Koç, Mehmet Ali Ürel ve Semi Razon ile Röportaj(Moment Expo Dergisi, 2016) Koç, Büşra; Ürel, Mehmet Ali; Razon, Semi“Aldığımız Eğitimle Geleceğe Hazırlanıyoruz” MEF Üniversitesi Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü’nü, “Flipped Classroom” sistemini Türkiye’de uygulayan tek üniversite olması ve akademik kadronun sektör ile yurt dışı deneyimine sahip başarılı isimlerden oluşması sebebiyle tercih ettiklerini söyleyen mühendis adayları, mezuniyetleri sonrası makine sektörünün farklı alanlarında çalışmayı planlıyor.Conference Object A Novel Standard for Graphical Representation of Mental Models and Processes in Cognitive Sciences(World Congress of Education, 2018) Dorantes-Gonzalez, Dante Jorge; McKeown, John A.G.Cognitive Science has positioned itself to be a common ground in which models of mental processes from multiple disciplines merge, situating itself as a common field for new learning theories, or for formalizing existing ones. However, the authors have identified a need for updating the existing graphical representations by incorporating more accessible understanding for teachers and researchers in cross- multidisciplinary fields. In this regard, the present investigation attempts to generate a standard graphical language to represent complex mental processes by the introduction of functional principles, schemes and models that have been successfully used in technical areas such as adaptive control systems, algorithm flow charts, and artificial intelligence. This graphical representation, entitled “Cognitive Functional Representation” (CFR), is further shown to be efficacious in incorporating the essence of complex cognitive theories.Conference Object Citation - Scopus: 5System-On Based Driver Drowsiness Detection and Warning System(IEEE, 2022) Yazici, Berkay; Ayhan, Tuba; Özdemir, ArdaThe aim of this project is to detect the drowsiness level of the driver in the vehicle, to warn the driver and to prevent possible accidents. Percentage Eye Closure (PERCLOS) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) are used to detect drowsiness. The system is implemented on Xilinx PYNQ-Z2 development board. The system is tested under real world conditions in real time. A high accuracy rate of 92% and a fast working system with 0.8 s is achieved. A speaker is activated to warn the driver when drowsiness is detected. Moreover, the drowsiness information is sent to the cloud by using a Wi-Fi module.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 7The Effects of Ultrasound Parameters and Microbubble Concentration on Acoustic Particle Palpation(Acoustical Society of America, 2018) Körük, Hasan; Saharkhiz, Niloufar; Choi, James JThe elasticity of tissue—an indicator of disease progression—can be imaged by ultrasound elasticity imaging technologies. An acoustic particle palpation (APP) has recently been developed—the use of ultrasonically driven acoustic particles (e.g., microbubbles)—as an alternative method of tissue deformation. APP has the potential to improve the resolution, contrast, and depth of ultrasound elasticity imaging; but the tissue displacement dynamics and its dependence on acoustic pressure, center frequency, and microbubble concentration remains unknown. Here, displacements of at least 1 μm were produced by applying ultrasound onto a microbubble solution (concentration: 10 × 106 microbubbles ml–1) placed within a tunnel surrounded by a 5% gelatin phantom. Displacements of more than 10 μm were produced using a 1, 3.5, or 5 MHz center frequency pulse with peak-rarefactional pressures of 470, 785, and 1210 kPa, respectively. The deformation of the distal wall varied spatially and temporally according to the different parameters investigated. At low pressures, the deformation increased over several milliseconds until it was held at a nearly constant value. At high pressures, a large deformation occurred within a millisecond followed by a sharp decrease and long stabilization. Ultrasound exposure in the presence of microbubbles produced tissue deformation (p < 0.05) while without microbubbles, no deformation was observed.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 12Investigation of the Vibro-Acoustic Behaviors of Luffa Bio Composites and Assessment of Their Use for Practical Applications(The International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration, 2016) Genç, Garip; Körük, HasanNew materials as alternatives to petroleum-based composite materials are needed due to adverse effects of chemical materials on nature. On the other hand, there is a need to characterize and evaluate new alternative materials to be effectively used in practical applications. The vibro-acoustic behaviors including damping and elastic properties, sound absorption and transmission loss levels of luffa bio-composites are investigated and their use for practical applications is evaluated in this study. First, the procedure for manufacturing luffa composites is summarized and materials and methods are presented. After that, the acoustic absorption and transmission loss levels of sample luffa composites are explored by using the impedance tube method. The damping and elastic properties of sample luffa composites are determined by using experimental and theoretical modal data. Furthermore, the interface properties of the luffa fibers and matrix are examined by using Scanning Electron Microscope. All the results are evaluated and the potential of the use of luffa composites in practical applications is assessed.Article Citation - WoS: 1Mechanochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Erb4 and Ndb4 Rare-Earth Tetraborides(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Boztemur, B.; Kaya, F.; Derin, B.; Öveçoğlu, M.L.; Li, J.; Ağaoğulları, D.Rare-earth borides have become very popular in recent decades with high mechanical strength, melting point, good corrosion, wear, and magnetic behavior. However, the production of these borides is very challenging and unique. The production of ErB4 and NdB4 nanopowders via mechanochemical synthesis (MCS) is reported in this study first time in the literature. Er2O3 or Nd2O3, B2O3, and Mg initial powders are mechanically alloyed for different milling times to optimize the process. Rare-earth borides with MgO phases are synthesized, then MgO is removed with HCl acid. The nanostructured rare-earth tetraboride powders are analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the XRD, ErB4 powders are produced successfully at the end of the 5 h milling. However, the NdB4 phase does not occur as the stoichiometric ratio, so the B2O3 amount is decreased to nearly 35 wt%. When the amount of B2O3 is decreased to 20 wt%, NdB4 and NdB6 phases are 50:50 according to the Rietveld analysis. However, a homogenous NdB4 phase is obtained with 30 wt% loss of B2O3. The average particle sizes of ErB4 and NdB4 powders are nearly 100.4 and 85.6 nm, respectively. The rare-earth tetraborides exhibit antiferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic-like phase transitions at 18 and 8.53 K, respectively. © 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Engineering Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 11Development of an Equivalent Shell Finite Element for Modelling Damped Multi-Layered Composite Structures(Elsevier, 2020) Şanlıtürk, Kenan Y.; Özer, Mehmet Sait; Körük, HasanA new equivalent shell finite element (FE) for modelling damped multi-layered structures is presented in this study. The method used for developing the new FE for such structures is based on the idea that the strain energy of the equivalent single-layer FE must be equal to the sum of the strain energies of individual layers. The so-called energy coefficients are defined for this purpose for the extensional, bending and shear deformations of the composite structure. These coefficients are then determined and used as correction multipliers during stacking the elemental matrices of individual layers. Two approaches, based on second-order strain or stress distribution assumption through the composite thickness, are investigated for deriving the shear energy coefficients. The damping capability of the FE developed here originates from using complex Young's modulus to define the material properties of individual layers. The resulting equivalent single-layer shell element with four nodes has six degrees-of-freedom per node. The accuracy, advantages and limitations of the composite FE developed in this work are investigated using experimental as well as theoretical results. In the light of the finding of these investigations, further enhancement in the formulation is made by also utilising a new shear correction factor for the individual layers in the equivalent shell element. Final results for free- and constrained-layered structures confirm that the equivalent shell FE developed here can be used effectively for the prediction of the modal properties of damped multi-layered structures.Book Part Citation - Scopus: 3Effects of Machining on the Acoustic and Mechanical Properties of Jute and Luffa Biocomposites(Elsevier, 2023) Genç, Garip; Körük, HasanAfter their production, biocomposite structures do not always have the final shape or dimensions required for their purpose, hence, they need machining. However, the effects of machining on the acoustic and mechanical properties of many biocomposites are still not well known. The effects of machining on the acoustic and mechanical properties of jute and luffa biocomposites are revealed in this chapter. To do this, the sound absorption coefficients (or SACs) and transmission losses (or TLs) of jute and epoxy and luffa and epoxy composite samples, with and without a turning process, are determined using the impedance tube method. The loss factors and Young’s moduli of the jute and epoxy and luffa and epoxy composite samples, with and without a milling process, are identified using experimental and theoretical modal analyses. The results show that, when the samples are machined, the sound absorption coefficients reduce by 3%-7%, the transmission loss levels increase by 6-11dB, and the damping levels and Young’s moduli reduce by 0.1%-0.5% and 3%-4%, respectively. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 6A New Approach for Measuring Viscoelastic Properties of Soft Materials Using the Dynamic Response of a Spherical Object Placed at the Sample Interface(Springer, 2023) Besli, Ayça; Koç,Ömer Hayati; Körük,Hasan; Yurdaer, Berk SalihBackground: There are several techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of soft materials, such as the indentation method and the method based on the application of a spherical object placed inside the sample. The indentation systems usually yield the elastic properties of materials and their mathematical models do not consider the inertia of the sample involved in motion and radiation damping, while placing an object inside the sample is not practical and this procedure can alter the mechanical properties of the sample for the method based on the application of a bubble/sphere placed inside the sample. Objective: A new approach for the identification of the viscoelastic properties of soft materials using the dynamic response of a spherical object placed at the sample interface was proposed. Methods: The spherical object placed at the sample interface was pressed using an electromagnet and the dynamic response of the spherical object was tracked using a high-speed camera, while the dynamic response of the spherical object placed at the sample interface was estimated using a comprehensive analytical model. The effects of the shear modulus, viscosity, Poisson’s ratio and density of the soft sample, the radius and density of the spherical object and the damping due to radiation were considered in this mathematical model. The shear modulus and viscosity of the soft sample were determined by matching the experimentally identified and theoretically estimated responses of the spherical object. Results: The shear moduli and viscosities of the three phantoms with the gelatin mass ratios of 0.20, 0.25 and 0.29 were measured to be 3450, 4300 and 4950 Pa and 12.5, 14.0 and 15.0 Pa⋅s, respectively. The shear modulus and viscosity of the phantom increases as the gelatin mass ratio increases. The frequency of oscillations of the hemisphere placed at the phantom interface increases as the gelatin mass ratio increases due to stiffness increase. Conclusions: After matching the experimental and theoretical steady-state displacements and amplitudes of oscillations of the hemisphere at the sample interface, the comparison of the experimentally identified and theoretically predicted frequency of oscillations further confirmed the identified material properties of the samples. The approach presented here is expected to provide valuable information on material properties in biomedical and industrial applications.Book Part Citation - WoS: 28Citation - Scopus: 35Acoustic and Mechanical Properties of Luffa Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites(Elsevier, 2019) Genç, Garip; Körük, HasanThis chapter presents an overview of acoustic and mechanical behaviors of luffa fiber reinforced biocomposites. A growing number of studies are examining the composites of biodegradable fibers such as flax, hemp, kenaf and luffa due to the adverse effects of chemical materials on nature. The low cost and superior acoustic and acceptable mechanical properties of biocomposites make them very attractive for practical applications such as sound and vibration isolation. However, the acoustic and mechanical characteristics of biocomposites and their dynamic behaviors should be fully determined before considering them for practical applications. In this chapter, acoustic properties, such as sound absorption and transmission loss, and mechanical properties, such as damping and elasticity of luffa fiber reinforced composites, are presented. The variations in acoustic and mechanical properties due to different samples and manufacturing process are explored.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Powder metallurgy processing of seven/eight component multi-phase (HfTiZr-Mn/Mo/W/Cr/Ta)B2 high entropy diboride ceramics(Elsevier, 2024) Suzer, Ilayda; Akbari, Amir; Ates, Semih; Bayrak, Kuebra Gurcan; Mertdinc-Ulkuseven, Siddika; Arisoy, C. Fahir; Agaogullari, Duygu; Öveçoğlu, M. LutfiThis study aims to show the possibility of synthesizing seven- and eight-component high entropy diboride (HEB) ceramics using high energy ball milling-assisted spark plasma sintering (SPS). Metal boride powders, synthesized in laboratory conditions from metal oxide-boron oxide-magnesium powder blends, were combined equimolarly as seven and eight components containing systems. Afterwards, hybridized powders were mechanically alloyed (MA) for 6 h and subjected to spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 2000 degrees C and under 30 MPa. Detailed phase analysis and physical, microstructural, and mechanical characterization of the samples were performed. in the sintered products, the main phase belongs to the HEB, and also low amounts of Hf/Zr oxides and secondary phases (W or Ti-rich) occurred. The highest hardness was observed at the (HfTiZrMoWCrTa)B-2 with 25 GPa, and the lowest hardness was seen at the (HfTiZrMnCrMoWTa)B2 with 17 GPa. Also, the highest wear resistance was calculated for the (HfTiZrMnCrMoTa)B-2 as 6.05 x 10(-7) mm(3)/Nm. Additionally, (HfTiZrMnMoWTa)B-2 and (HfTiZrMnMoCrTa)B-2 have the highest and lowest Archimedes' densities, with 7.94 g/cm(3) and 6.91 g/cm(3), respectively.Article Citation - WoS: 17Citation - Scopus: 24Identification of the Dynamic Characteristics of Luffa Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composite Plates(NC State University, 2017) Genç, Garip; Körük, HasanLuffa cylindrica plant fiber is a new biodegradable engineering material. However, the dynamic behaviors of these new green materials or their composites should be explored to consider them for practical applications. The dynamic characteristics including modal behavior and the elastic and sound isolation properties of luffa-based bio-composite plates were explored in this study. Structural frequency response function measurements were conducted using a few luffa bio-composite plates to identify their modal behavior. The modal frequencies and loss factors of the luffa bio-composite plates were identified by analyzing the frequency response function measurements using a few modal analysis methods such as half-power, circle-fit, and line-fit. The same luffa bio-composite structures were modelled using a finite element formulation with damping capability, and the elastic moduli of the composite plates were identified. In addition, the transmission loss levels of the same luffa composite samples were measured using the impedance tube method. The results showed that luffa composite structures have considerably high stiffness (elasticity modulus: 2.5 GPa), damping levels (loss factor: 2.6%), and transmission loss level (25 to 30 dB for a 1 cm thickness), and their mechanical properties are promising as an alternative disposable material for noise and vibration control engineering applications.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 17Quantification and Minimization of Sensor Effects on Modal Parameters of Lightweight Structures(JVE INTERNATIONAL LTD., 2014) Körük, HasanThis paper aims to quantify the adverse effects of contact type sensors on modal parameters of lightweight structures and to present a practical way for identification of modal parameters of structures with minimal sensor effects. The adverse effects of a contact type sensor on natural frequencies, damping levels and mode shapes are explored using the theoretical model of a typical beam-like sample carrying a sensor and a controlled experimental study based on measurement of frequency response functions using non-contact excitation and response sensors. The half-power and circle fit modal identification methods are used to extract modal parameter from measured data. The experimental and theoretical modal analysis results are evaluated, and a practical methodology based on classical acoustic and vibration frequency response functions is suggested to identify modal loss factors and natural frequencies of lightweight structures with minimal sensor effects.Book Part Citation - Scopus: 1Prediction of the Sound Absorption Performance of Porous Samples Including Cellulose Fiber-Based Structures(Elsevier, 2022) Körük, HasanThe mathematical models for predicting the sound absorption coefficients (SACs) of porous samples are first presented, then they are used to predict the SACs of some porous structures, and their performances are evaluated. First of all, the parameters needed for the calculation of the SACs of a porous sample are briefly introduced. After that, the mathematical models for the prediction of acoustic properties are presented. These models include (i) simple empirical models such as Delany-Bazley and its modified versions, (ii) rigid-frame models such as Johnson-Champoux-Allard and Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge, and (iii) deformable-frame models such as Biot-Allard. After that, the estimation of the parameters needed in the mathematical models is presented. Then, the aforementioned models are used to predict the SACs of some porous samples including cellulose fiber-based structures, and their performances are evaluated in detail. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Article Sanki-bir-boyutlu Kavitasyonlu Lüle Akışlarının Yeni Kabarcık Gaz Basıncı Yasasıyla Modellenmesi(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, 2019) Delale, Can Fuat; Morkoyun, Uğurcan; Kaya, Mehmet; Pasinlioğlu, Şenay; Ayder, ErkanThe aim of this study is to develop a hydrodynamic cavitation model that is compatible with the results of the experiments and that can be adapted to commercial software. For this reason a hydrodynamic cavitation model that takes into account all of the damping mechanisms using the novel bubble gas pressure law is developed for quasi-one-dimensional bubbly cavitating nozzle flows. In this model the bubbly liquid is assumed to be a twophase homogeneous mixture, the Rayleigh-Plesset equation is employed for bubble dynamics, and bubble nucleation process is neglected. The first order system of equations thus obtained for quasi-one-dimensional cavitating nozzle flows is transformed into an initial value problem for the bubble radius and the pressure coefficient. A numerical code is then written to solve this initial value problem by the adaptive step size RungeKutta-Fehlberg method. Results obtained at the experimental conditions were compared and interpreted with the results of experiments.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 21441. Quantification of the Flow Noise in Household Refrigerators(JVE INTERNATIONAL LTD., 2014) Körük, Hasan; Arısoy, Ahmet; Bilgin, NecatiThe flow noise in household refrigerators is quantified in this study. First, the sound pressure measurements in a quiet room using typical household refrigerators are conducted and the noise characteristics of the refrigerators are presented. Then, the flow noise in household refrigerators is quantified using the results of the overall analysis and Fourier transform of the measured sound pressure data. After that, the flow noise in household refrigerators is quantified using the sound pressure measurements conducted using a specially designed test rig. The frequency characteristics of the flow noise in household refrigerators are also explored and the contribution of the flow noise is identified.
